UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016
Commission file number 000-32191
T. ROWE PRICE GROUP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Maryland | 52-2264646 | |
State of incorporation | IRS Employer Identification No. | |
100 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202
Address, including zip code, of principal executive offices
(410) 345-2000
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Common stock, $.20 par value per share | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC | |
(Title of class) | (Name of exchange on which registered) | |
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. [X] Yes [ ] No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. [ ] Yes [X] No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. [X] Yes [ ] No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulations S-T during the preceding 12 months. [X] Yes [ ] No
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [X]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer | [X] | Accelerated filer | [ ] | ||
Non-accelerated filer | [ ] | Smaller reporting company | [ ] | ||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). [ ] Yes [X] No
The aggregate market value of the common equity (all voting) held by non-affiliates (excludes current executive officers and directors) computed using $72.97 per share (the NASDAQ Official Closing Price on June 30, 2016, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was $17.7 billion.
The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock as of the latest practicable date, February 6, 2017, is 243,415,300.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE: In Part III, the Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A.
Exhibit index begins on page 72.
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Page 1
PART I
Item 1. | Business. |
GENERAL.
T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. is a financial services holding company that provides global investment management services through its subsidiaries to investors worldwide. We provide an array of company sponsored U.S. mutual funds, other sponsored pooled investment vehicles, subadvisory services, separate account management, recordkeeping, and related services to individuals, advisors, institutions, financial intermediaries, and retirement plan sponsors. We are focused on delivering global investment management excellence to help clients around the world achieve their long-term investment goals.
The late Thomas Rowe Price, Jr., founded our firm in 1937, and the common stock of T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. was first offered to the public in 1986. The T. Rowe Price Group corporate holding company structure was established in 2000.
We derive the vast majority of our consolidated net revenue and net income from investment advisory services provided by our subsidiaries, primarily T. Rowe Price Associates and T. Rowe Price International Ltd. Our revenues depend largely on the total value and composition of assets under our management. Accordingly, fluctuations in financial markets and in the composition of assets under management impact our revenues and results of operations. At December 31, 2016, we had $810.8 billion in assets under management, including $514.2 billion in the T. Rowe Price mutual funds distributed in the U.S. (Price Funds) and $296.6 billion in other investment portfolios.
2016 DEVELOPMENTS.
U.S. stocks rose strongly in 2016, with major indexes finishing the year near record highs. Small-cap stocks substantially outperformed large-caps, and it was the eighth consecutive year for a positive S&P 500 Index total return. The S&P 500 Index and the NASDAQ Composite Index, which is heavily weighted in technology companies, returned 12.0% and 7.5%, respectively, in 2016. Developed non-U.S. equity markets significantly underperformed U.S. shares for the year, as returns to U.S. investors were hurt by a stronger dollar versus some major currencies. Global bond returns were mostly positive in 2016.
The table below presents financial results on a U.S. GAAP basis, as well as a non-GAAP basis, to adjust for the non-recurring charge related to the Dell appraisal rights matter, the impact of our consolidated sponsored investment portfolios, and other non-operating income. We believe the non-GAAP financial measures below provide relevant and meaningful information to investors about our core operating results.
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||
(in millions, except per-share data) | 2015 | 2016 | Dollar change | Percentage change | |||||||||||
U.S. GAAP Basis | |||||||||||||||
Investment advisory fees | $ | 3,687.3 | $ | 3,728.7 | $ | 41.4 | 1.1 | % | |||||||
Net revenues | $ | 4,200.6 | $ | 4,222.9 | $ | 22.3 | .5 | % | |||||||
Operating expenses | $ | 2,301.7 | $ | 2,489.5 | $ | 187.8 | 8.2 | % | |||||||
Net operating income | $ | 1,898.9 | $ | 1,733.4 | $ | (165.5 | ) | (8.7 | )% | ||||||
Non-operating income(1) | $ | 103.5 | $ | 227.1 | $ | 123.6 | nm | ||||||||
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 1,223.0 | $ | 1,215.0 | $ | (8.0 | ) | (.7 | )% | ||||||
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 4.63 | $ | 4.75 | $ | .12 | 2.6 | % | |||||||
Weighted average common shares outstanding assuming dilution | 260.9 | 250.3 | (10.6 | ) | (4.1 | )% | |||||||||
Adjusted(2) | |||||||||||||||
Operating expenses | $ | 2,301.7 | $ | 2,416.8 | $ | 115.1 | 5.0 | % | |||||||
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 1,160.3 | $ | 1,148.9 | $ | (11.4 | ) | (1.0 | )% | ||||||
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 4.39 | $ | 4.49 | $ | .10 | 2.3 | % | |||||||
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Assets under management (in billions) | |||||||||||||||
Average assets under management | $ | 767.9 | $ | 778.2 | $ | 10.3 | 1.3 | % | |||||||
Ending assets under management | $ | 763.1 | $ | 810.8 | $ | 47.7 | 6.3 | % | |||||||
(1) Non-operating income varies from year to year due to a number of factors; accordingly the percentage change in non-operating income is not believed to be meaningful.
(2) See the reconciliation to the comparable U.S. GAAP measures at the end of the Results of Operations sections of Part II, Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
.
In 2016, we paid our clients $166.2 million to compensate them for the denial of their appraisal rights in connection with the 2013 leveraged buyout of Dell. We made claims with our insurance carriers and, on December 30, 2016, entered into an agreement with our primary insurance carrier to recover $100 million from the claim. The insurance proceeds were recognized as an offset to the related $166.2 million charge recognized in the second quarter of 2016. Remaining insurance claims filed with respect to this matter that could result in an additional recovery of up to $50 million are still pending.
Our 2016 results were significantly impacted by the adoption of new accounting guidance related to consolidation and stock-based compensation. The new consolidation guidance implemented in 2016 resulted in the consolidation of a larger number of sponsored investment portfolios in which we have provided initial seed capital. The impact of implementing this new guidance is discussed in more detail in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies section of our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 of this filing.
The impact (in millions) the consolidated sponsored investment portfolios have on the individual lines of our 2016 consolidated statement of income is as follows:
Operating expenses reflected in net operating income | $ | (13.0 | ) |
Net investment income reflected in non-operating income | 121.1 | ||
Impact on income before taxes | $ | 108.1 | |
Net income attributable to the firm's interest in the consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | $ | 69.1 | |
Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests (unrelated third-party investors) | 39.0 | ||
$ | 108.1 | ||
Assets Under Management.
Assets under management ended 2016 at $810.8 billion, an increase of $47.7 billion from the end of 2015. Market appreciation and income, net of distributions not reinvested, of $50.5 billion was offset in part by net cash outflows of $2.8 billion during 2016. Our net cash outflows for 2016 were largely attributable to clients reallocating to passive investments and the impact of our closed strategies. In 2016, our net cash flows include $8.1 billion that originated in our target date retirement portfolios, which provide shareholders with single, diversified portfolios that invest in underlying T. Rowe Price funds and T. Rowe Price collective investment trusts. The assets under management in these portfolios totaled $189.2 billion at December 31, 2016, including $150.9 billion in target date retirement funds and $38.3 billion in target date retirement trusts. These portfolios' assets account for 23.3% of our managed assets at December 31, 2016, compared with 21.7% at the end of 2015.
Capital Resources.
At December 31, 2016, we remain debt-free with ample liquidity, including cash and discretionary sponsored portfolio investment holdings of $1.9 billion. We also have seed capital investments in sponsored investment portfolios of about $1.3 billion that are redeemable, although we generally expect to be invested for several years until unrelated third-party investors substantially reduce our relative ownership percentage. We paid $2.16 per share in regular dividends in 2016, an increase of 3.8% over the $2.08 per share in regular dividends paid in 2015. Additionally, we expended $676.9 million to repurchase 10.0 million shares, or 4.0%, of our outstanding common stock in 2016. We invested $148 million during the year in capitalized technology and facilities from existing cash balances.
Additional information concerning our revenues, results of operations and total assets, and our assets under management during the past three years is contained in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II, Item 7, as well as our consolidated financial statements, which are included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
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STRATEGIC INITIATIVES.
Our core capabilities have enabled us to deliver excellent operating results since our IPO in 1986. We maintain a client-centric culture that is focused on delivering excellent long-term investment performance and world-class service to our clients. We have distributed our broad array of active investment strategies through a diverse set of distribution channels to meet the needs of our clients. Our ongoing financial strength has allowed us to take advantage of attractive growth opportunities, invest in key capabilities, including investment professionals, technologies, and new product offerings; and, most importantly, provide our clients with strong investment management expertise and service.
The market in which we operate has been evolving quickly and a number of headwinds have arisen over the last few years, including a shifting demand from equities to income-oriented solutions as the population ages, demand for new vehicles to meet client needs, an accelerating regulatory landscape, and passive and alternative investments taking market share from active strategies.
Despite the headwinds, we believe there are significant opportunities that speak to our core capabilities. As such, we are responding with several multi-year initiatives that are designed to strengthen our long-term competitive position and can be categorized into three areas: broadening our product offerings and vehicles; strengthening and deepening distribution across all channels; and strengthening our technology platform and digital capabilities.
INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT SERVICES.
Distribution Channels.
We distribute our products in countries located within three broad geographical regions: North America, Europe Middle East and Africa (EMEA), and Asia Pacific (APAC). We accumulate our assets under management from a diversified client base across five primary distribution channels: U.S. financial intermediaries; EMEA and APAC financial intermediaries; individual U.S. investors on a direct basis; U.S. retirement plan sponsors for which we provide recordkeeping services; and institutional investors globally. Investors domiciled outside the U.S. represent nearly 5% of total assets under management at the end of 2016. We service clients in 45 countries around the world. The following table outlines the types of vehicles within each distribution channel through which our assets under management are sourced as of December 31, 2016:
U.S. financial intermediaries | EMEA & APAC financial intermediaries | Individual U.S. investors | U.S. retirement plan sponsors | Global institutions | ||||
U.S. Mutual Funds | SICAVs(1) / FCPs (2) | U.S. Mutual Funds | U.S. Mutual Funds | U.S. Mutual Funds | ||||
Collective Investment Trusts | Australian Unit Trusts | Separate Accounts | Collective Investment Trusts | SICAVs(1) / FCPs (2) | ||||
Subadvised Accounts | OEICs(3) | College Savings Plans | Separate Accounts | |||||
Managed Accounts / Model Delivery | Cayman Funds | Canadian Pension Pool Funds | ||||||
College Savings Plans | Subadvised Accounts | |||||||
(1)Société d'Investissement à Capital Variable (Luxembourg), (2)Fonds Commun de Placement (Luxembourg), (3)Open ended investment company (U.K.)
The following table shows our assets under management as of December 31, 2016, by distribution channel, by vehicle, and account type:
Assets under management by distribution channel | |||
Global intermediaries(1) | $ | 395.5 | |
Individual U.S. investors | 147.1 | ||
U.S. retirement plan sponsors | 100.0 | ||
Global institutions | 168.2 | ||
Total assets under management | $ | 810.8 | |
(1) Includes U.S., EMEA, and APAC financial intermediaries | |||
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Assets under management by vehicle | |||
Sponsored U.S. mutual funds | $ | 514.2 | |
Other investment portfolios | |||
Sponsored - collective investment trusts | 57.7 | ||
Sponsored - stable value and variable annuity portfolios | 18.3 | ||
Sponsored - SICAVs and other funds regulated outside the U.S. | 13.7 | ||
Subadvised and separately managed accounts | 206.9 | ||
Total other investment portfolios | 296.6 | ||
Total assets under management | $ | 810.8 | |
Assets under management by account type | |||
Defined contribution - investment only | $ | 255.4 | |
Defined contribution - recordkept assets | 97.2 | ||
Other retirement and deferred annuity assets | 208.1 | ||
Total retirement and tax deferred annuity assets | 560.7 | ||
Other | 250.1 | ||
Total assets under management | $ | 810.8 | |
Investment Capabilities.
We manage a broad range of investment strategies in equity, fixed income, and asset allocation across sectors, styles and regions. Our strategies are designed to meet the varied and changing needs and objectives of individual and institutional investors. For the Price Funds, investors select the fund based on the distinct objective that is described in each fund’s prospectus and can exchange balances among the funds as permitted when economic and market conditions or their investment needs change. The investment objectives and investment management approaches employed in our other investment portfolios are similar to those in the Price Funds. We also offer specialized advisory services, including management of stable value investment contracts and a distribution management service for the disposition of equity securities our clients receive from third-party venture capital investment pools.
The following table sets forth our broad investment capabilities as of December 31, 2016.
Equity | Fixed income | Asset allocation | ||||||
U.S. | International / Global | U.S. | International / Global | U.S. / International / Global | ||||
Large-Cap: Growth, Core, Value | Global: All-Cap, Growth, Value | Aggregate Bond Index | Global Aggregate | Target Date | ||||
Mid-Cap: Growth, Core, Value | International Developed | Core Bond | Global Multi-Sector | Target Allocation | ||||
Small-Cap: Growth, Core, Value | International Small-Cap | Credit Opportunities | Global Unconstrained | Global Allocation | ||||
Emerging Markets: Global, Regional | Corporate | Global High Income | Managed Volatility | |||||
Europe | Bank Loan | Emerging Markets | Multi-Asset Solutions | |||||
Japan | High Yield | International Developed | Real Assets | |||||
Stable Value | Global Corporate | |||||||
Securitized | Global High Yield | |||||||
Treasury | Global Government | |||||||
Short Duration | ||||||||
Municipal | ||||||||
Page 5
Our assets under management, by asset class, were as follows as of December 31, 2016.
Equity | $ | 450.6 | ||
Fixed income | 121.2 | |||
Asset allocation | 239.0 | |||
Total assets under management | $ | 810.8 | ||
Non-U.S. dollar denominated securities held in client accounts are $95.4 billion, or 11.8%, of our total assets under management at December 31, 2016.
We employ fundamental and quantitative security analysis in the performance of the investment advisory function through substantial internal equity and fixed income investment research capabilities. We perform original industry and company research using such sources as inspection of corporate activities, management interviews, company-published financial and other information, and field checks with suppliers and competitors in the same industry and particular business sector.
Our research staff operates primarily from offices located in the U.S. and England with additional staff based in Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, and Singapore. We also use research provided by brokerage firms and security analysts in a supportive capacity and information received from private economists, political observers, commentators, government experts, and market analysts. Our securities selection process for some investment portfolios is based on quantitative analysis using computerized data modeling.
From time to time, we introduce new strategies, investment vehicles and other products to complement and expand our investment offerings, respond to competitive developments in the financial marketplace, and meet the changing needs of our investment advisory clients. We will introduce a new investment strategy if we believe that we have the appropriate investment management expertise and that its objective will be useful to investors over a long period. In 2016, we launched four new equity funds, including three quantitatively managed funds, one new fixed income fund, and one new money market fund. We also launched a suite of OEICs for distribution through UK intermediaries and continued to add the I-Class shares to certain Price Funds. We beta-tested our new T. Rowe Price ActivePlus Portfolio offering, which is a discretionary advice service, in the fourth quarter of 2016 and will be formally launching to individual investors on a direct basis in early 2017.
We typically provide seed capital for new investment funds and trusts to enable the portfolio manager to begin building an investment performance history in advance of the portfolio receiving sustainable client assets. The length of time we hold our seed capital investment will vary for each new investment portfolio as it is highly dependent on how long it takes to generate cash flows into the portfolio from unrelated investors. We attempt to ensure that the new investment portfolio has a sustainable level of assets from unrelated shareholders before we consider redemption of our seed capital investment in order to not negatively impact the new investment portfolio's net asset value or its investment performance record. At December 31, 2016, we had seed capital investments of $1.3 billion in sponsored investment portfolios.
Conversely, we may also limit new investments into a mutual fund or investment strategy in order to maintain the integrity of the investment strategy and to protect the interests of its existing fund shareholders and investors. At present, the following are closed to new investors.
Strategy / Fund | Date closed |
U.S. Mid-Cap Strategy | May 31, 2010 |
Small-Cap Stock Funds | December 31, 2013 |
High Yield Funds | April 30, 2012 |
New Horizons Funds | December 31, 2013 |
Capital Appreciation Funds | June 30, 2014 |
Investment Advisory Fees.
We provide investment advisory services through our subsidiaries to the Price Funds; clients on a separately managed or subadvised account basis; and other sponsored investment portfolios, including collective investment trusts, target date retirement trusts, funds offered to investors outside the U.S., and portfolios offered through variable annuity life insurance plans in the U.S.
Page 6
Ten Price Funds - Growth Stock, Blue-Chip Growth, Mid-Cap Growth, Capital Appreciation, Value, New Income, Equity Income, New Horizons, International Stock, and Emerging Markets Stock -accounted for approximately 37% of our investment advisory revenues in 2016, and approximately 30% of our assets under management at December 31, 2016. Our largest client account relationship, apart from the Price Funds, is with a third-party financial intermediary that accounted for about 6% of our investment advisory revenues in 2016.
Price Funds.
At December 31, 2016, assets under our management in the Price Funds aggregated $514.2 billion, an increase of 5.6% or $27.1 billion from the beginning of the year. Investment advisory services are provided to each U.S. mutual fund under individual investment management agreements that grant the fund the right to use the T. Rowe Price name. The Boards of the respective funds, including a majority of directors who are not interested persons of the funds or of T. Rowe Price Group (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940), must approve the investment management agreements annually. Fund shareholders must approve material changes to these investment management agreements. Each agreement automatically terminates in the event of its assignment (as defined in the Investment Company Act) and, generally, either party may terminate the agreement without penalty after a 60-day notice. The termination of one or more of these agreements could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Independent directors and trustees of the Price Funds regularly review our fee structures.
The advisory fee paid monthly by each of the Price Funds is computed on a daily basis by multiplying a fund’s net assets by its effective fee rate. For the majority of the Price Funds, the fee rate is equal to the sum of a tiered group fee rate plus an individual fund rate. The tiered group rate is based on the combined net assets of nearly all of the Price Funds. If the combined net assets of these Price Funds exceed $500 billion, the weighted-average fee across pricing tiers is 29.1 basis points for the first $500 billion of net assets plus 27.0 basis points for net assets in excess of $500 billion. To the extent that the combined net assets of the funds included in the group rate calculation increase, the group charge component of a fund's advisory fee rate and the resulting advisory fee rate paid by each fund will decrease.
The individual fund rates are generally flat rates that are set based on the fund’s specific investment objective. Several funds, including the Blue Chip Growth, Equity Income, Growth Stock and Mid-Cap Growth funds, have an effective tiered individual fund rate in which their base individual flat rate is reduced by about 15% on net assets in excess of $15 billion. The New Income and Value funds have their base individual flat rate reduced by about 15% on net assets in excess of $20 billion. The effective fee rates for the stock and bond funds on which we earned annual advisory fees of approximately $6.0 million or greater in 2016, varied from a low of 34 basis points for the Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond fund to a high of 104 basis points for the Emerging Markets Stock, International Discovery, and Latin America funds.
The fee rate of several of the Price Funds, including the Index and Summit funds as well as specific funds offered solely to institutional investors, does not include a group fee component but rather an individual fund fee or an all-inclusive fee. An all-inclusive fee covers both the investment management fee and ordinary operating expenses incurred by the fund and, as a result, our management fee varies with the level of operating expenses a fund incurs. Each of the funds in the series of Spectrum Funds and in the series of target date retirement funds that we offer invests in a diversified portfolio of other Price Funds and has no separate investment advisory fee; rather, they indirectly bear the expenses of the funds in which they invest.
Each Price fund typically bears all expenses associated with its operation and the issuance and redemption of its securities. In particular, each fund pays investment advisory fees; shareholder servicing fees and expenses; fund accounting fees and expenses; transfer agent fees; custodian fees and expenses; legal and auditing fees; expenses of preparing, printing and mailing prospectuses and shareholder reports to existing shareholders; registration fees and expenses; proxy and annual meeting expenses; and independent trustee or director fees and expenses.
We usually provide that a newly organized fund’s expenses will not exceed a specified percentage of its net assets during an initial operating period. Generally, during the earlier portion of the period, we will waive advisory fees and absorb other mutual fund expenses in excess of these self-imposed limits. During the latter portion of the period, we may recover some or all of the waived fees and absorbed costs, but such recovery is not assured.
In 2016, we continued to voluntarily waive advisory fees and other fund expenses, though to a lesser extent than in recent years, of certain of our money market funds and trusts in order to maintain a positive yield for investors. Total fees waived in 2016 were $10.5 million, or less than 1% of total investment advisory revenues earned during the year, compared to $47.6 million in 2015. We expect that these fee waivers, if any, will be insignificant in 2017.
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Other investment portfolios.
Our other client investment portfolios had assets under management of $296.6 billion at December 31, 2016, an increase of $20.6 billion from the beginning of the year. We charge fees for investment management to these clients based on, among other things, the specific investment services to be provided. Our standard form of investment advisory agreement for client accounts provides that the agreement may be terminated at any time and that any unearned fees paid in advance will be refunded.
Our subsidiaries, T. Rowe Price (Luxembourg) Management Sàrl and T. Rowe Price International, provide management company and investment management services, respectively, to our Luxembourg-based SICAVs and FCPs, and UK-based OEICs. These funds are distributed outside the U.S. through distribution agents and other financial intermediaries. The fees earned for these distribution and marketing services are part of the overall investment management fees earned for managing the fund assets. We recognize any related distribution fees paid to financial intermediaries in other operating expenses.
Our subsidiary, T. Rowe Price Trust Company, offers and provides investment management services to collective investment trusts for investments by qualified U.S. retirement plans. In addition to providing investment management services to the Price Funds, our subsidiary, T. Rowe Price Associates, offers separately managed institutional investment management services and subadvised investment management to intermediaries.
Our fees for managing these other investment portfolios are computed using the value of assets under our management at a contracted annual fee rate. The value of assets under management billed is generally based on daily valuations, month-end average valuations, end of billing period valuations, or beginning of bill period valuations. In 2016, approximately 75% of advisory fees were recognized based on daily portfolio valuations, 9% were based on month-end averages, 15% were based on end of billing period valuations, and 1% were based on beginning of billing period valuations.
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES.
We also provide certain administrative services as ancillary services to our investment advisory clients. These administrative services are provided by several of our subsidiaries and include mutual fund transfer agent, accounting, distribution, and shareholder services; participant recordkeeping and transfer agent services for defined contribution retirement plans investing in our sponsored mutual funds; recordkeeping services for defined contribution retirement plans investing in mutual funds outside the T. Rowe Price complex; brokerage; and trust services. Substantially all of our administrative and distribution and servicing fee revenues in 2016 were generally based on the recovery of our related costs to provide these services.
Our subsidiaries provide advisory-related administrative services to the Price Funds and their shareholders. T. Rowe Price Services provides mutual fund transfer agency and shareholder services, including maintenance of staff, facilities, technology, and other equipment to respond to inquiries from fund shareholders. Until August 2015, T. Rowe Price Associates provided mutual fund accounting services, including maintenance of financial records, preparation of financial statements and reports, daily valuation of portfolio securities, and computation of daily net asset values per share to the Price Funds. The Price Funds contracted directly with BNY Mellon in August 2015 to provide these services.
T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services provides participant accounting and plan administration for defined contribution retirement plans that invest in the Price Funds, our sponsored collective investment trusts, and funds outside the Price fund complex. T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services also provides transfer agent services to the Price Funds. Plan sponsors and participants compensate us for some of the administrative services while the Price Funds and outside fund families compensate us for maintaining and administering the individual participant accounts for those plans that invest in the respective funds. As of December 31, 2016, we performed recordkeeping services for $156 billion in assets under administration, of which $100 billion are assets we manage.
T. Rowe Price Trust Company also provides administrative trustee services. Through this entity, which is a Maryland-chartered limited service trust company, we serve as trustee for employer sponsored retirement plans and other retirement products.
T. Rowe Price Trust Company may not accept deposits and cannot make personal or commercial loans.
We also provide non-discretionary advisory planning services to fund shareholders and potential investors through our subsidiary T. Rowe Price Advisory Services. These services are limited in scope and include retirement planning services, such as saving for retirement, transitioning into retirement, and income in retirement. An investment portfolio evaluation service is an integral part of these services. An ongoing checkup service is also available to assist an investor in staying on track to achieve their financial goals.
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DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICING.
The Investor Class of all Price Funds can be purchased in the U.S. on a no-load basis, without a sales commission or 12b-1 fee. No-load mutual fund shares offer investors a low-cost and relatively easy method of directly investing in a variety of stock and fixed income portfolios. The I Class of certain Price Funds is designed to meet the needs of institutionally oriented clients who seek investment products with lower shareholder servicing costs and lower expense ratios. This share class limits ordinary operating expenses (other than interest; expenses related to borrowings, taxes, and brokerage; and any non extraordinary expenses) at 5 basis points for a period of time and there are no external payments for 12b-1 or administrative fee payments.
Certain of the Price Funds also offer Advisor Class and R Class shares that are distributed to mutual fund shareholders, and defined contribution retirement plans, respectively, through third-party financial intermediaries. These share classes pay 12b-1 fees of 25 and 50 basis points, respectively, for distribution, administration, and personal services. Our subsidiary, T. Rowe Price Investment Services, is the principal distributor of the Price Funds and enters into a tri-party agreement with each intermediary and fund. Under the agreement, each fund is responsible to pay the distribution and service fees directly to the applicable intermediaries. In addition, those Price Funds offered to investors through variable annuity life insurance plans have a share class that pays a 12b-1 fee of 25 basis points.
In accounting for 12b-1 fees, the applicable mutual fund share classes incur the related expense and we recognize the corresponding distribution and servicing fee revenue in our consolidated statements of income. We also recognize, as distribution and servicing costs in the consolidated statements of income, the corresponding cost paid to the third-party financial intermediaries who distribute these funds' share classes. The fee revenue that we recognize from the funds and the expense that we recognize for the fees paid to third-party intermediaries are equal in amount and, therefore, do not impact our net operating income.
We believe that our lower fund cost structure, distribution methods, and fund shareholder and administrative services help promote the stability of our fund assets under management through market cycles.
Except as noted above for 12b-1 fees, we bear all advertising and promotion expenses associated with the distribution of the Price Funds. These costs are recognized currently and include advertising and direct mail communications to potential fund shareholders, as well as substantial staff and communications capabilities to respond to investor inquiries. Marketing and promotional efforts are focused in print media, television, and Internet. In addition, we direct considerable marketing efforts to defined contribution plans that invest in mutual funds. Advertising and promotion expenditures vary over time based on investor interest, market conditions, new and existing investment offerings, and the development and expansion of new marketing initiatives, including the enhancement of our digital capabilities.
REGULATION.
All aspects of our business are subject to extensive federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations. These laws and regulations are primarily intended to benefit or protect our clients and the sponsored funds' shareholders. They generally grant supervisory agencies and bodies broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict the conduct of our business in the event that we fail to comply with laws and regulations. Possible sanctions that may be imposed on us, in the event that we fail to comply, include the suspension of individual employees, limitations on engaging in certain business activities for specified periods of time, revocation of our investment adviser, and other registrations, censures, and fines.
T. Rowe Price Associates, T. Rowe Price International, T. Rowe Price (Canada), Inc., T. Rowe Price Hong Kong Limited, T. Rowe Price Singapore Private Ltd., and T. Rowe Price Advisory Services, Inc. are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as investment advisers under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The Investment Advisers Act of 1940 imposes substantive regulation around, among other things, fiduciary duties to clients, transactions with clients, effective compliance programs, conflicts of interest, advertising, recordkeeping, reporting and disclosure requirements.
T. Rowe Price International is also regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the United Kingdom and, in certain cases, by other foreign regulators in countries in which we have a license to conduct business. The Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) and Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) also regulate T. Rowe Price Hong Kong and T. Rowe Price Singapore, respectively. T. Rowe Price (Canada) is also registered with several of the provincial securities commissions in Canada. T. Rowe Price (Luxembourg) Management Sàrl, the management company of our Luxembourg-based FCP (Fonds Commun de Placement) and SICAV funds is regulated by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF). Our branch offices operated outside the U.S. are also registered with and regulated by the local financial authorities.
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Our subsidiaries providing transfer agent services are registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and our trust company is regulated by the State of Maryland, Commissioner of Financial Regulation.
T. Rowe Price Investment Services is a registered broker-dealer and member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. We provide introducing brokerage services through this subsidiary primarily to complement the other services provided to shareholders of the Price Funds. Pershing, a third-party clearing broker and an affiliate of BNY Mellon, maintains our brokerage’s customer accounts and clears all transactions.
Serving the needs of retirement savers is an important focus of our business. As a result, such activities are subject to regulators such as the U.S. Department of Labor, and applicable laws and regulations including the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.
Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to net capital requirements, including those of various federal, state, and international regulatory agencies. Each of our subsidiary's net capital, as defined, meets or exceeds all minimum requirements.
For further discussion of the potential impact of current or proposed legal or regulatory requirements, please see the Legal and Regulatory risk factors included in Item 1A of this Form 10-K.
COMPETITION.
As a member of the financial services industry, we are subject to substantial competition in all aspects of our business. A significant number of proprietary and other sponsors’ mutual funds are sold to the public by other investment management firms, broker-dealers, mutual fund companies, banks, and insurance companies. We compete with brokerage and investment banking firms, insurance companies, banks, mutual fund companies, hedge funds, and other financial institutions and funds in all aspects of our business and in every country in which we offer our advisory services. Many of these financial institutions have substantially greater resources than we do. We compete with other providers of investment advisory services primarily based on the availability and objectives of the investment portfolios offered, investment performance, fees and related expenses, and the scope and quality of investment advice and other client services.
In recent years, we have faced significant competition from passive oriented investment strategies, with competitors that offer such products taking market share from active managers like ourselves. While we cannot predict how much market share these competitors will gain, we believe there will always be demand for good active management.
In order to maintain and enhance our competitive position, we may review acquisition and venture opportunities and, if appropriate, engage in discussions and negotiations that could lead to the acquisition of a new equity or other financial relationship.
EMPLOYEES.
At December 31, 2016, we employed 6,329 associates, up 5.5% from the 5,999 associates employed at the end of 2015. We may add additional temporary and part-time personnel to our staff from time to time to meet periodic and special project demands, primarily for technology and mutual fund administrative services.
AVAILABLE INFORMATION.
Our Internet address is troweprice.com. At our Investor Relations website, trow.client.shareholder.com, we make available free of charge a variety of information for investors. Our goal is to maintain our websites as a portal through which investors can easily find or navigate to pertinent information about us and as a channel of distribution for material company information, including but not limited to:
• | our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file that material with, or furnish them to the SEC; |
• | our financial statement information from our periodic SEC filings in the form of XBRL data files that may be used to facilitate computer-assisted investor analysis; |
• | corporate governance information including our charter, bylaws, governance guidelines, committee charters, senior officer code of ethics and conduct, and other governance-related policies; |
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• | other news and announcements that we may post from time to time that investors might find useful or interesting; and |
• | opportunities to sign up for email alerts and RSS feeds to have information pushed in real time. |
Unless otherwise expressly stated, information found on our website is not part of this or any other report we file with, or furnish to, the SEC.
Item 1A. | Risk Factors. |
An investment in our common stock involves various risks, including those mentioned below and those that are discussed from time to time in our periodic filings with the SEC. Investors should carefully consider these risks, along with the other information contained in this report, before making an investment decision regarding our common stock. There may be additional risks of which we are currently unaware, or which we currently consider immaterial. Any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and value of our common stock.
RISKS RELATING TO OUR BUSINESS AND THE FINANCIAL SERVICES INDUSTRY.
Our revenues are based on the market value and composition of the assets under our management, all of which are subject to fluctuation caused by factors outside of our control.
We derive our revenues primarily from investment advisory services provided by our subsidiaries to individual and institutional investors in the T. Rowe Price mutual funds distributed in the U.S. and other investment portfolios. Our investment advisory fees typically are calculated as a percentage of the market value of the assets under our management. We generally earn higher fees on assets invested in our equity funds and equity investment portfolios than we earn on assets invested in our fixed income funds and portfolios. Among equity investments, there is a significant variation in fees earned from index-based funds and portfolios at the low end and emerging markets funds and portfolios at the high end. Fees also vary across the fixed income funds and portfolios, though not as widely as equity investments, with stable value portfolios and money market securities at the lower end and non-U.S. dollar denominated bonds at the high end. As a result, our revenues are dependent on the value and composition of the assets under our management, all of which are subject to substantial fluctuation due to many factors, including:
• | Investor Mobility. Our investors generally may withdraw their funds at any time, on very short notice and without any significant penalty. |
• | General Market Declines. A downturn in stock or bond prices would cause the value of assets under our management to decrease, and may also cause investors to withdraw their investments, thereby further decreasing the level of assets under our management. |
• | Investment Performance. If the investment performance of our managed portfolios is less than that of our competitors or applicable third-party benchmarks, we could lose existing and potential customers and suffer a decrease in assets under management. Institutional investors in particular consider changing investment advisers based upon poor relative investment performance. Individual investors in contrast are more likely to react to poor absolute investment performance. Prolonged periods of strong relative investment performance may result in capacity constraints within certain portfolios, which in turn may negatively impact our ability to achieve strong investment results in subsequent periods. |
• | Investing Trends. Changes in investing trends and, in particular, investor preference for passive or alternative investment portfolios, retirement savings trends, including the prevalence of defined contribution retirement plans and target date retirement products, may reduce interest in our funds and portfolios and may alter our mix of assets under management. |
• | Interest Rate Changes. Investor interest in and the valuation of our fixed income investment funds and portfolios are affected by changes in interest rates. |
• | International Exposure. Our managed portfolios may have significant investments in international markets that are subject to risk of loss from political or diplomatic developments, government policies, civil unrest, currency fluctuations, and changes in legislation related to foreign ownership. International markets, particularly emerging markets, which are often smaller, may not have the liquidity of established markets, may lack established regulations, and may experience significantly more volatility than established markets. |
• | Tax Regulation Changes. Changes in the status of tax deferred retirement plan investments and tax-free municipal bonds, the capital gains and corporate dividend tax rates, and other individual and corporate tax rates and regulations could |
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adversely affect investor behavior and may cause investors to view certain investment offerings less favorably and withdraw their investment assets, thereby decreasing the level of assets under our management.
A decrease in the value of assets under our management, or an adverse change in their composition, could have a material adverse effect on our investment advisory fees and revenues. For any period in which revenues decline, net income and operating margins will likely decline by a greater proportion because certain expenses will be fixed over that finite period and may not decrease in proportion to the decrease in revenues.
The performance of our money market funds and portfolios have been impacted by the historically low interest rate environment.
Our money market funds' and portfolios' performance or yield is dependent on the income earned from the underlying securities exceeding the operating costs of the fund. When interest rates are at or near historic lows, the operating costs of the funds will become a greater portion of the portfolio's net income, thereby reducing the yield of the funds to very low levels. The interest rate environment experienced since the second half of 2009 until recently led us to voluntarily waive our advisory and other fees earned on our money market funds and trusts in order to maintain yields at or above 0% for fund investors. Such actions have reduced our advisory fee income and net income. Fee waivers have been reduced significantly in 2016, as interest rates have increased over the year. Given the current interest rate environment, we expect that our fee waivers in 2017, if any, will not be significant. The actual amount of fees waived is dependent on a number of variables including, among others, changes in the net assets held by our money market funds, changes in market yields, changes in the expense levels of the funds, and our willingness to voluntarily continue such fee waivers. For further discussion of the fees we waived in the current period, management's expectation as to future fee waivers, and the net cash flows of our money market funds and trusts, please see Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II, Item 7, of this Form 10-K.
A significant majority of our revenues are based on contracts with the Price funds that are subject to termination without cause and on short notice.
We provide investment advisory, distribution, and other administrative services to the Price Funds under various agreements. Investment advisory services are provided to each Price Fund under individual investment management agreements. The Board of each Price Fund must annually approve the terms of the investment management and service agreements and can terminate the agreement upon 60-days notice. If a Price Fund seeks to lower the fees that we receive or terminate its contract with us, we would experience a decline in fees earned from the Price Funds, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and net income.
We operate in an intensely competitive industry, which could cause a loss of customers and their assets, thereby reducing our assets under management and our revenues and net income.
We are subject to competition in all aspects of our business from other financial institutions. Many of these financial institutions have substantially greater resources than we do and may offer a broader range of financial products across more markets. Some operate in a different regulatory environment than we do which may give them certain competitive advantages in the investment products and portfolio structures that they offer. We compete with other providers of investment advisory services primarily based on the availability and objectives of the investment portfolios offered, investment performance, fees and related expenses, and the scope and quality of investment advice and other client services. Some institutions have proprietary products and distribution channels that make it more difficult for us to compete with them. Most of our investment portfolios are available without sales or redemption fees, which means that investors may be more willing to transfer assets to competing funds.
The market environment in recent years has led investors to increasingly favor lower fee passive products. As a result, investment advisors that emphasize passive products have gained and may continue to gain market share from active managers like us. While we cannot predict how much market share these competitors will gain, we believe there will always be demand for good active management.
If current or potential customers decide to move their assets to one of our competitors, we could face a significant decline in market share, assets under management, revenues, and net income. In the event that we were to decide to reduce the fees we charge for investment advisory services in response to competitive pressures, revenues and operating margins could be adversely impacted.
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Our success depends on our key personnel and our financial performance could be negatively affected by the loss of their services.
Our success depends on our highly skilled personnel, including our portfolio and fund managers, investment analysts, sales and client relationship personnel, and corporate officers, many of whom have specialized expertise and extensive experience in our industry. Strong financial services professionals are in demand, and we face significant competition for highly qualified employees. Our key employees do not have employment contracts, and generally can terminate their employment with us at any time. We cannot assure that we will be able to retain or replace key personnel. Due to the global nature of our investment advisory business, our key personnel may have reasons to travel to regions susceptible to higher risk of civil unrest, organized crime or terrorism and we may be unable to ensure the safety of personnel traveling to these regions. We have near- and long-term succession planning processes, including programs to develop our future leaders, which are intended to address future talent needs and minimize the impact of losing key talent. However, in order to retain or replace our key personnel, we may be required to increase compensation, which would decrease net income. The loss of key personnel could damage our reputation and make it more difficult to retain and attract new employees and investors. Losses of assets from our client investors would decrease our revenues and net income, possibly materially.
Our operations are complex and a failure to perform operational tasks or the misrepresentation of products and services could have an adverse effect on our reputation and subject us to regulatory sanctions, fines, penalties, litigation, and a decrease in revenues.
Operating risks include:
• | failure to properly perform or oversee fund or portfolio recordkeeping responsibilities, including portfolio accounting, security pricing, corporate actions, investment restrictions compliance, daily net asset value computations, account reconciliations, and required distributions to fund shareholders to comply with tax regulations; |
• | failure to properly perform transfer agent and participant recordkeeping responsibilities, including transaction processing, supervision of staff, tax reporting, and record retention; |
• | sales and marketing risks, including the intentional or unintentional misrepresentation of products and services in advertising materials, public relations information, or other external communications, and failure to properly calculate and present investment performance data accurately and in accordance with established guidelines and regulations; and |
• | our reliance on third-party vendors who, now or in the future, may perform or support important parts of our operations as there can be no assurance that they will perform properly or that our processes and plans to transition or delegate these functions to others will be successful or that there will not be interruptions in services from these third parties. |
Any damage to our reputation could harm our business and lead to a loss of revenues and net income.
We have spent many years developing our reputation for integrity, strong investment performance, and superior client services. Our brand is a valuable intangible asset, but it is vulnerable to a variety of threats that can be difficult or impossible to control, and costly or even impossible to remediate. Regulatory inquiries and rumors can tarnish or substantially damage our reputation, even if those inquiries are satisfactorily addressed. Additionally, we are subject to the risk that our employees or third parties acting on our behalf may circumvent controls or act in a manner inconsistent with our policies and procedures. Any real or perceived conflict between our clients’ interests and our own, as well as any fraudulent activity or other exposure of client assets or information, may impair our reputation. Any damage to our brand could impede our ability to attract and retain customers and key personnel, and reduce the amount of assets under our management, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and net income.
Our expenses are subject to significant fluctuations that could materially decrease net income.
Our operating results are dependent on the level of our expenses, which can vary significantly for many reasons, including:
• | expenses incurred in connection with our multi-year strategic plan to strengthen our long-term competitive position; |
• | variations in the level of total compensation expense due to, among other things, bonuses, stock-based awards, changes in employee benefit costs due to regulatory or plan design changes, changes in our employee count and mix, competitive factors, and inflation; |
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• | changes in the level of our advertising and promotion expenses, including the costs of expanding investment advisory services to investors outside of the U.S. and further penetrating U.S. distribution channels; |
• | expenses and capital costs incurred to maintain and enhance our administrative and operating services infrastructure, such as technology assets, depreciation, amortization, and research and development; |
• | changes in the costs incurred for third-party vendors that perform certain administrative and operating services; |
• | a future impairment of investments recognized in our consolidated balance sheet; |
• | a future impairment of goodwill that is recognized in our consolidated balance sheet; |
• | unanticipated material fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates applicable to the costs of our operations abroad; |
• | unanticipated costs incurred to protect investor accounts and client goodwill; and |
• | disruptions of third-party services such as communications, power, and mutual fund transfer agent, investment management, trading, and accounting systems. |
Under our agreements with the Price funds, we charge the funds certain administrative fees and related expenses based upon contracted terms. If we fail to accurately estimate our underlying expense levels or are required to incur expenses relating to the mutual funds that are not otherwise paid by the funds, our operating results will be adversely affected. While we are under no obligation to provide financial support to any of our sponsored investment products, any financial support provided would reduce capital available for other purposes and may have an adverse effect on revenues and net income.
We have contracted with third-party financial intermediaries that distribute our investment portfolios in the U.S. and abroad and such relationships may not be available or profitable to us in the future.
These contracted third-party intermediaries generally offer their clients various investment products in addition to, and in competition with, our investment offerings, and have no contractual obligation to encourage investment in our portfolios. It would be difficult for us to acquire or retain the management of those assets without the assistance of the intermediaries, and we cannot assure that we will be able to maintain an adequate number of investment product offerings and successful distribution relationships. In addition, some investors rely on third-party financial planners, registered investment advisers, and other consultants or financial professionals to advise them on the choice of investment adviser and investment portfolio. These professionals and consultants can favor a competing investment portfolio as better meeting their particular client’s needs. We cannot assure that our investment offerings will be among their recommended choices in the future. Further, their recommendations can change over time and we could lose their recommendation and their clients' assets under our management. Mergers, acquisitions, and other ownership or management changes could also adversely impact our relationships with these third-party intermediaries. The presence of any of the adverse conditions discussed above would reduce revenues and net income, possibly by material amounts.
Natural disasters and other unpredictable events could adversely affect our operations.
Armed conflict, terrorist attacks, cyber-attacks, power failures, and natural disasters could adversely affect our revenues, expenses, and net income by:
• | decreasing investment valuations in, and returns on, the investment portfolios that we manage, |
• | causing disruptions in national or global economies that decrease investor confidence and make investment products generally less attractive, |
• | incapacitating or inflicting losses of lives among our employees, |
• | interrupting our business operations or those of critical service providers, |
• | triggering technology delays or failures, and |
• | requiring substantial capital expenditures and operating expenses to remediate damage, replace our facilities, and restore our operations. |
A significant portion of our business operations are concentrated in the Baltimore, Maryland region and in London, England. We have developed various backup systems and contingency plans but we cannot be assured that they will be adequate in all circumstances that could arise, or that material interruptions and disruptions will not occur. In addition, we rely to varying degrees on outside vendors for disaster contingency support, and we cannot be assured that these vendors will be able to
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perform in an adequate and timely manner. If we lose the availability of any associates, or if we are unable to respond adequately to such an event in a timely manner, we may be unable to timely resume our business operations, which could lead to a tarnished reputation and loss of customers that results in a decrease in assets under management, lower revenues, and materially reduced net income.
Our investment income and asset levels may be negatively impacted by fluctuations in our investment portfolio.
We currently have a substantial portion of our assets invested in sponsored investment portfolios. All of these investments are subject to investment market risk and our non-operating investment income could be adversely affected by the realization of losses upon the disposition of our investments or the recognition of significant other-than-temporary impairments in the case of our available-for-sale portfolio and the recognition of unrealized losses related to our sponsored investment portfolios that are consolidated, held as trading or accounted for under the equity method. In addition, related investment income has fluctuated significantly over the years depending upon the performance of our corporate investments, including the impact of market conditions and interest rates, and the size of our corporate money market and longer-term mutual fund holdings. Fluctuations in other investment income are expected to occur in the future.
We may review and pursue acquisition and venture opportunities in order to maintain or enhance our competitive position.
Any strategic transaction can involve a number of risks, including additional demands on our staff; unanticipated problems regarding integration of investor account and investment security recordkeeping, additional or new regulatory requirements, operating facilities and technologies, and new employees; adverse effects in the event acquired intangible assets or goodwill become impaired; and the existence of liabilities or contingencies not disclosed to or otherwise known by us prior to closing a transaction.
We own a 26% investment in UTI Asset Management Company Ltd (UTI), an Indian asset management company, and we may consider non-controlling minority investments in other entities in the future. We may not realize future returns from such investments or any collaborative activities that may develop in the future.
We are exposed to a number of risks arising from our international operations.
We operate in a number of jurisdictions outside of the U.S. and have an equity investment in UTI. Our international operations require us to comply with the legal and regulatory requirements of various foreign jurisdictions and expose us to the political consequences of operating in foreign jurisdictions. Our foreign business operations are also subject to the following risks:
• | difficulty in managing, operating, and marketing our international operations; |
• | fluctuations in currency exchange rates which may result in substantial negative effects on assets under our management, revenues, expenses, and assets in our U.S. dollar based financial statements; and |
• | significant adverse changes in international legal and regulatory environments. |
LEGAL AND REGULATORY RISKS.
Compliance within a complex regulatory environment imposes significant financial and strategic costs on our business, and non-compliance could result in fines and penalties.
If we are unable to maintain compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to criminal and civil liability, the suspension of our employees, fines, penalties, sanctions, injunctive relief, exclusion from certain markets, or temporary or permanent loss of licenses or registrations necessary to conduct our business. A regulatory proceeding, even if it does not result in a finding of wrongdoing or sanctions, could consume substantial expenditures of time and capital. Any regulatory investigation and any failure to maintain compliance with applicable laws and regulations could severely damage our reputation, adversely affect our ability to conduct business, and decrease revenue and net income.
Legal and regulatory developments in the mutual fund and investment advisory industry could increase our regulatory burden, impose significant financial and strategic costs on our business, and cause a loss of, or impact the servicing of, our clients and fund shareholders.
Our regulatory environment is frequently altered by new regulations and by revisions to, and evolving interpretations of, existing regulations. New regulations present areas of uncertainty susceptible to alternative interpretations; regulators and prospective litigants may not agree with reasoned interpretations we adopt. Future changes could require us to modify or curtail
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our investment offerings and business operations, or impact our expenses and profitability. Additionally, some regulations may not directly apply to our business but may impact the capital markets, service providers or have other indirect effects on our ability to provide services to our clients.
Potential impacts of current or proposed legal or regulatory requirements include, without limitation, the following:
• | As part of the debate in Washington, D.C. related to the economy and the U.S. deficit, there has been increasing focus on the framework of the U.S. retirement system. We could incur increased costs if new regulatory requirements are adopted since retirement plans are a significant part of our client base and other types of retirement accounts invest in our funds. In addition, changes to the current framework may impact our business in other ways. For example, proposals to reduce contributions to individual retirement accounts and defined contribution plans for certain individuals, as well as potential changes to defined benefit plans, may result in increased plan terminations and reduce our opportunity to manage and service retirement assets. |
• | In April 2016, the U.S. Department of Labor finalized changes to definitions and rules related to fiduciaries. Although there is some uncertainty about the rule and whether it will be withdrawn or modified, as currently written these changes will require modifications to how we interact with retirement customers and prospects, and may cause us to limit certain types of distribution or other business activities. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is considering its own fiduciary rule proposal. Any such rule may also have an impact on our business activities. |
• | The Federal Reserve Board has adopted final regulations related to non-bank Systemically Important Financial Institutions (SIFIs), and other jurisdictions are contemplating similar regulation. It has been suggested that large mutual funds, particularly money market funds, should be designated as SIFIs. We do not believe that mutual funds should be deemed SIFIs. Further, we do not believe SIFI designation was intended for traditional asset management businesses. However, if any T. Rowe Price fund or T. Rowe Price affiliate is deemed a SIFI, increased regulatory oversight would apply, which may include enhanced capital, liquidity, leverage, stress testing, resolution planning, and risk management requirements. |
• | On July 23, 2014, the SEC adopted additional reforms regulating money market funds that became effective in October 2016. The reforms require institutional non-government money market funds to operate with a floating net asset value (NAV) and require all non-government money market funds to impose liquidity fees and redemption gates under certain conditions. Government and retail money market funds can continue using current pricing and accounting methods to seek to maintain a stable NAV. These reforms could have a negative impact on the attractiveness of such funds to investors and also subject us to additional regulatory requirements and costs to comply with such requirements. |
• | The Commodity Futures Trading Commission has adopted certain amendments to its rules that would limit the ability of mutual funds and certain other products we sponsor to use commodities, futures, swaps, and other derivatives without additional registration. If our use of these products on behalf of client accounts increases so as to require registration, we would be subject to additional regulatory requirements and costs associated with registration. |
• | There has been increased global regulatory focus on the manner in which intermediaries are paid for distribution of mutual funds. Changes to long-standing market practices related to fees or enhanced disclosure requirements may negatively impact sales of mutual funds by intermediaries, especially if such requirements are not applied to other investment products. |
• | We remain subject to various state, federal and international laws and regulations related to data privacy and protection of data we maintain concerning our customers and employees. These requirements continue to evolve. For example, the European Union has adopted changes, effective in May 2018, which will, among other things, significantly increase the potential penalties for non-compliance. |
• | Global regulations on OTC derivatives are evolving, including new and proposed regulations under The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and European Market Infrastructure Regulation relating to central clearing counterparties, trade reporting, and repositories. In addition, the SEC has adopted new regulations that will require mutual funds to adopt liquidity risk management programs with specific requirements for measuring and reporting the liquidity of fund holdings. It also has proposed regulations detailing new exposure limits and asset coverage requirements for investments in derivatives, as well as adopting derivatives risk management programs. There remains uncertainty related to various requirements under these regulations and the exact manner in which they will impact current trading strategies for our clients. |
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• | The revised Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II Directive) and Regulation (MiFIR) (together “MiFID II”) will apply across the European Union (“EU”) and member states of the European Economic Area beginning on January 3, 2018, unless this date is extended. Implementation of MiFID II will significantly impact both the structure and operation of EU financial markets. Some of the main changes introduced under MiFID II include applying enhanced disclosure requirements, enhancing conduct of business and governance requirements, broadening the scope of pre and post trade transparency, increasing transaction reporting requirements, transforming the relationship between client commissions and research, and further regulation of trading venues. Compliance with MiFID II will increase our costs. |
We cannot predict the nature of future changes to the legal and regulatory requirements applicable to our business, nor the extent of the impacts that will result from current or future proposals. However, any such changes are likely to increase the costs of compliance and the complexity of our operations. They may also result in changes to our product or service offerings. The changing regulatory landscape may also impact a number of our service providers and, to the extent such providers alter their services or increase their fees, it may impact our expenses or those of the products we offer.
We may become involved in legal and regulatory proceedings that may not be covered by insurance.
We are subject to regulatory and governmental inquiries and civil litigation. An adverse outcome of any such proceeding could involve substantial financial penalties. From time to time, various claims against us arise in the ordinary course of business, including employment-related claims. There also has been an increase in litigation and in regulatory investigations in the financial services industry in recent years, including customer claims, class action suits, and government actions alleging substantial monetary damages and penalties.
We carry insurance in amounts and under terms that we believe are appropriate. We cannot be assured that our insurance will cover every liability and loss to which we may be exposed, or that our insurance policies will continue to be available at acceptable terms and fees. Certain insurance coverage may not be available or may be prohibitively expensive in future periods. As our insurance policies come up for renewal, we may need to assume higher deductibles or co-insurance liabilities, or pay higher premiums, which would increase our expenses and reduce our net income.
In 2016, we paid $166.2 million to compensate certain T. Rowe Price mutual funds, trusts, separately managed accounts, and subadvised clients (collectively, “Clients”) for the denial of their appraisal rights by the Delaware Chancery Court (Court) in connection with the 2013 leveraged buyout of Dell, Inc. (Dell). The Court ruled on May 11, 2016, that the Clients could not pursue an appraisal of any shares they held that were voted in favor of the Dell merger. The appraisal statute governing the transaction required the record holder to vote against or abstain from voting on the transaction in order to assert appraisal rights. After previously voting against prior transaction proposals, the voting instructions submitted on behalf of the Clients in connection with voting on the final proposed transaction were incorrectly submitted in favor of the transaction. On May 31, 2016, the Court determined that the fair value of Dell at the time of the merger was $17.62 per share, as opposed to the $13.75 price offered in the transaction. As a result, any shareholder perfecting appraisal rights is entitled to a payment at $17.62 per share plus statutory interest from the date the Dell transaction closed. The compensation to Clients was intended to make them whole for the voting discrepancy that resulted in the denial of their appraisal rights. On December 30, 2016, we signed a settlement agreement with our insurance carrier for insurance proceeds totaling $100.0 million related to this matter.
In accordance with the compensation payment, the Clients agreed that in the event the findings made by the Court regarding the fair value of Dell or the amount of interest to be applied were modified by the Supreme Court of Delaware on appeal, T. Rowe Price and the Clients would make an appropriate adjustment between themselves, calculated in a manner that is consistent with the methodology used to compensate Clients. In December 2016, several parties, including Dell and the successful appraisal petitioners, filed appeals to the Delaware Supreme Court to challenge the Chancery Court’s valuation ruling. Our settlement agreement with the insurance carrier provides that if the fair value of Dell is reduced, we would work together to make appropriate adjustments.
Net capital requirements may impede the business operations of our subsidiaries.
Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to net capital requirements imposed by various federal, state, and foreign authorities. Each of our subsidiaries’ net capital meets or exceeds all current minimum requirements; however, a significant change in the required net capital, an operating loss, or an extraordinary charge against net capital could adversely affect the ability of our subsidiaries to expand or even maintain their operations if we were unable to make additional investments in them.
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United Kingdom exit from European Union.
We have a significant locally authorized and regulated presence in the United Kingdom (“UK”) to support our global investment management business. The ultimate impact of the UK exit (“Brexit”) from the European Union (“EU”), on our business operations in the UK and Europe could vary depending on the details of the separation agreement. We are preparing for multiple scenarios, and remain committed to our clients, associates and business expansion across the region.
TECHNOLOGY RISKS.
We require specialized technology to operate our business and would be adversely affected if we fail to maintain adequate infrastructure to conduct or expand our operations or if our technology became inoperative or obsolete.
We depend on highly specialized and, in many cases, proprietary technology to support our business functions, including among others:
• | securities analysis, |
• | securities trading, |
• | portfolio management, |
• | customer service, |
• | accounting and internal financial reporting processes and controls, and |
• | regulatory compliance and reporting. |
All of our technology systems, including those provided by vendors, are vulnerable to disability or failures due to cyber-attacks such as hacking or viruses, natural disasters, power failures, acts of war or terrorism, sabotage, and other causes. A suspension or termination of vendor-provided software licenses or related support, upgrades, and maintenance could cause system delays or interruption. Although we have robust business and disaster recovery plans, if our technology systems were to fail and we were unable to recover in a timely way, we would be unable to fulfill critical business functions, which could lead to a loss of customers and could harm our reputation. A technological breakdown could also interfere with our ability to comply with financial reporting and other regulatory requirements, exposing us to disciplinary action and to liability to our customers.
In addition, our continued success depends on our ability to effectively integrate operations across many countries, and to adopt new or adapt existing technologies to meet client, industry, and regulatory demands. We might be required to make significant capital expenditures to maintain competitive infrastructure. If we are unable to upgrade our infrastructure in a timely fashion, we might lose customers and fail to maintain regulatory compliance, which could affect our results of operations and severely damage our reputation.
We could be subject to losses if we fail to properly safeguard sensitive and confidential information.
As part of our normal operations, we maintain and transmit confidential information about our clients, as well as, proprietary information relating to our business operations. We maintain a system of internal controls designed to provide reasonable assurance that fraudulent activity, including misappropriation of assets, fraudulent financial reporting, and unauthorized access to sensitive or confidential data is either prevented or timely detected. Our systems, or those of our third-party service providers we may use to maintain and transmit such information, could be victimized by unauthorized users or corrupted by computer viruses or other malicious software code, or authorized persons could inadvertently or intentionally release confidential or proprietary information. Such disclosure could, among other things:
• | seriously damage our reputation, |
• | allow competitors access to our proprietary business information, |
• | subject us to liability for a failure to safeguard client data, |
• | result in the termination of contracts by our existing customers, |
• | subject us to regulatory action, and |
• | require significant capital and operating expenditures to investigate and remediate the breach. |
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Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 2. | Properties. |
Our corporate headquarters occupies 438,000 square feet of space under lease until 2027 at 100 East Pratt Street in Baltimore, Maryland. We have offices in 16 countries around the world, including the U.S.
Our operating and servicing activities are largely conducted at owned facilities in campus settings comprising 1.2 million square feet on three parcels of land in close proximity to Baltimore in Owings Mills, Maryland and about 290,000 square feet in Colorado Springs, Colorado. We also maintain a nearly 60,000 square foot technology support facility in Hagerstown, Maryland, and own a 72-acre parcel of land in Pasco County, Florida to accommodate potential future development if business demands require.
We have six investor centers for walk-in traffic and investor meetings, four of which are in leased facilities located in Baltimore, Maryland, Tampa, Florida, Washington, D.C, and McLean, Virginia. The remaining two investor centers are located in our owned facilities in Colorado Springs and Owings Mills.
We lease all our offices outside the U.S. with London and Hong Kong being our largest, as well as, our business operations recovery site in Maryland, and our customer service call center in Tampa.
Information concerning our anticipated capital expenditures in 2017 and our future minimum rental payments under noncancelable operating leases at December 31, 2016, is set forth in the capital resources and liquidity and contractual obligations discussions in Item 7 of this Form 10-K.
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings. |
On April 27, 2016, certain shareholders in the T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund, T. Rowe Price Capital Appreciation Fund, T. Rowe Price Equity Income Fund, T. Rowe Price Growth Stock Fund, T. Rowe Price International Stock Fund, T. Rowe Price High Yield Fund, T. Rowe Price New Income Fund and T. Rowe Price Small Cap Stock Fund (the “Funds”) filed a Section 36(b) complaint under the caption Zoidis v. T. Rowe Price Assoc., Inc., against T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. (“T. Rowe Price”) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. The complaint alleges that the management fees for the identified funds are excessive because T. Rowe Price charges lower advisory fees to subadvised clients with funds in the same strategy. The complaint seeks to recover the allegedly excessive advisory fees received by T. Rowe Price in the year preceding the start of the lawsuit, along with investments’ returns and profits. In the alternative, the complaint seeks the rescission of each fund’s investment management agreement and restitution of any allegedly excessive management fees. T. Rowe Price believes the claims are without merit and intends to vigorously defend the action.
In addition to the matter discussed above, various claims against us arise in the ordinary course of business, including employment-related claims. In the opinion of management, after consultation with counsel, the likelihood that an adverse determination in one or more pending claims would have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations is remote.
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures. |
Not applicable.
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Item. Executive Officers of the Registrant.
The following information includes the names, ages, and positions of our executive officers as of February 3, 2017. There are no arrangements or understandings pursuant to which any person serves as an officer. The first six individuals are members of our management committee.
William J. Stromberg (56), President and Chief Executive Officer since 2016. Mr. Stromberg was previously the Head of Equity from 2010 to 2015 and a Vice President from 1990 to 2015.
Brian C. Rogers (61), Chairman since 2007, Chief Investment Officer since 2004, and a Vice President since 1985.
Edward C. Bernard (60), Vice Chairman since 2007, and a Vice President since 1989.
Christopher D. Alderson (54), Co-Head of Global Equity since 2017, Head of International Equity from 2009 to 2016, and a Vice President since 2002.
Robert W. Sharps, (45), Co-Head of Global Equity since 2017, Lead Portfolio Manager, Institutional U.S. Large-Cap Equity Growth Strategy from 2001 to 2016, and a Vice President since 2001.
Edward A. Wiese (57), Head of Fixed Income since January 2015, and a Vice President since 2001.
David Oestreicher, (49), Corporate Secretary since 2012, Chief Legal Officer since 2008, and a Vice President since 2001.
Kenneth V. Moreland (60), Treasurer since 2010, and Chief Financial Officer and a Vice President since 2004.
Jessica M. Hiebler (41), Principal Accounting Officer since 2010 and a Vice President since 2009.
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PART II
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. |
Our common stock ($.20 par value per share) trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol TROW. The high and low trade price information and dividends per share during the past two years were:
1st quarter | 2nd quarter | 3rd quarter | 4th quarter | |||||||||||||
2015 – High price | $ | 87.22 | $ | 83.52 | $ | 79.74 | $ | 77.71 | ||||||||
Low price | $ | 77.96 | $ | 77.29 | $ | 67.76 | $ | 65.88 | ||||||||
Cash dividends declared | $ | 2.52 | $ | .52 | $ | .52 | $ | .52 | ||||||||
2016 – High price | $ | 74.72 | $ | 79.00 | $ | 75.12 | $ | 78.95 | ||||||||
Low price | $ | 63.57 | $ | 67.34 | $ | 64.76 | $ | 62.97 | ||||||||
Cash dividends declared | $ | .54 | $ | .54 | $ | .54 | $ | .54 | ||||||||
The cash dividends declared during the first quarter of 2015 include a special dividend of $2.00 per share that was declared in February 2015 and paid in April 2015.
Our common stockholders have approved all of our equity-based compensation plans. These plans provide for the following issuances of shares of our common stock at December 31, 2016:
Employee and non-employee director plans | Employee stock purchase plan | Total | |||||||
Exercise of outstanding options | 24,364,322 | — | 24,364,322 | ||||||
Settlement of outstanding restricted stock units | 4,695,858 | — | 4,695,858 | ||||||
Future issuances | 14,490,787 | 561,646 | 15,052,433 | ||||||
Total | 43,550,967 | 561,646 | 44,112,613 | ||||||
The outstanding options included in the table above have a weighted-average exercise price of $61.90. Under the terms of the 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan, approved by stockholders in April 2012, the number of shares provided and available for future issuance will increase as we repurchase common stock in the future with the proceeds from stock option exercises. No shares have been issued under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan since its inception; all shares have been purchased in the open market.
The following table presents repurchase activity during the fourth quarter of 2016.
Month | Total number of shares purchased | Average price paid per share | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced program | Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the program | |||||||||
October | 1,715,455 | $ | 66.51 | 1,498,645 | 10,263,968 | ||||||||
November | 751,110 | $ | 66.86 | 467,771 | 9,796,197 | ||||||||
December | 567,687 | $ | 76.39 | — | 21,796,197 | ||||||||
Total | 3,034,252 | $ | 68.44 | 1,966,416 | |||||||||
Shares repurchased by us in a quarter may include repurchases conducted pursuant to publicly announced Board authorization, outstanding shares surrendered to the company to pay the exercise price in connection with swap exercises of employee stock options, and shares withheld to cover the minimum tax withholding obligation associated with the vesting of restricted stock awards. Of the total number of shares purchased during the fourth quarter of 2016, 886,931 were related to shares surrendered in connection with employee stock option exercises and 180,905 were related to shares withheld to cover tax withholdings associated with the vesting of restricted stock awards.
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The remaining 1,966,416 shares of our common stock purchased during the fourth quarter of 2016 were repurchased pursuant to the Board of Directors’ December 10, 2015, publicly announced authorization. The maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased as of December 31, 2016, under the Board of Directors’ December 10, 2015, and December 6, 2016, publicly announced authorizations is 21,796,197.
We have 6,799 stockholders of record and approximately 193,000 beneficial stockholder accounts held by brokers, banks, and other intermediaries holding our common stock. Common stock owned outright by our associates, combined with outstanding vested stock options and unvested restricted stock awards, total nearly 17% of our outstanding shares and outstanding vested stock options at December 31, 2016.
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data. |
Years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||
(in millions, except per-share data) | |||||||||||||||||||
Net revenues | $ | 3,023 | $ | 3,484 | $ | 3,982 | $ | 4,201 | $ | 4,223 | |||||||||
Net operating income(1) | $ | 1,364 | $ | 1,637 | $ | 1,891 | $ | 1,899 | $ | 1,733 | |||||||||
Net income(1) | $ | 884 | $ | 1,048 | $ | 1,230 | $ | 1,223 | $ | 1,254 | |||||||||
Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest(2) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 39 | |||||||||
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group(1) | $ | 884 | $ | 1,048 | $ | 1,230 | $ | 1,223 | $ | 1,215 | |||||||||
Adjusted net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group(3) | $ | 840 | $ | 1,009 | $ | 1,161 | $ | 1,160 | $ | 1,149 | |||||||||
Per common share information | |||||||||||||||||||
Basic earnings | $ | 3.47 | $ | 4.02 | $ | 4.68 | $ | 4.74 | $ | 4.85 | |||||||||
Diluted earnings | $ | 3.36 | $ | 3.90 | $ | 4.55 | $ | 4.63 | $ | 4.75 | |||||||||
Adjusted diluted earnings(3) | $ | 3.20 | $ | 3.76 | $ | 4.29 | $ | 4.39 | $ | 4.49 | |||||||||
Cash dividends declared(4) | $ | 2.36 | $ | 1.52 | $ | 1.76 | $ | 4.08 | $ | 2.16 | |||||||||
Weighted-average common shares outstanding | 253.4 | 258.3 | 259.6 | 254.6 | 245.5 | ||||||||||||||
Weighted-average common shares outstanding assuming dilution | 261.0 | 266.3 | 267.4 | 260.9 | 250.3 | ||||||||||||||
(1) In 2016, net operating income reflects a non-recurring net charge of $66.2 million related to the Dell appraisal rights matter. Our 2016 net income and net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group reflect the after-tax impact of this charge.
(2) Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest represents the portion of net income of our consolidated sponsored investment portfolios we recognized in our consolidated statement of income that is attributable to the interests held by third-party investors. In 2016, we implemented new consolidation accounting guidance resulting in the consolidation of a larger number of sponsored investment portfolios in which we have provided initial seed capital. See the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to the consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this filing for more information related to the impact of this new guidance.
(3) Represents non-GAAP financial measures that have been established in order to increase transparency for the purpose of evaluating our core business, for comparing current results with prior period results, and to enable more appropriate comparison with industry peers. See Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis - Results of Operations for the definitions of these measures and the related reconciliation from U.S. GAAP.
(4) Cash dividends declared in 2012 and 2015 include special dividends per share of $1.00 and $2.00, respectively, that we paid during those years.
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December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||
Balance sheet data (in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||
Total assets | $ | 4,203 | $ | 5,033 | $ | 5,644 | $ | 5,107 | $ | 6,225 | |||||||||
Redeemable non-controlling interests | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | — | $ | 687 | ||||||||||
Stockholders’ equity | $ | 3,846 | $ | 4,818 | $ | 5,395 | $ | 4,762 | $ | 5,009 | |||||||||
Assets under management (in billions) | $ | 576.8 | $ | 692.4 | $ | 746.8 | $ | 763.1 | $ | 810.8 | |||||||||
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. |
GENERAL.
Our revenues and net income are derived primarily from investment advisory services provided to individual and institutional investors in our sponsored U.S. mutual funds and other investment portfolios. The other investment portfolios include separately managed accounts, subadvised funds, and other sponsored investment portfolios, including collective investment trusts, target date retirement trusts, open-ended investment products offered to investors outside the U.S., and portfolios offered through variable annuity life insurance plans in the U.S.
We manage a broad range of U.S., international and global stock, bond, and money market mutual funds and other investment portfolios that meet the varied needs and objectives of individual and institutional investors. Investment advisory revenues depend largely on the total value and composition of assets under our management. Accordingly, fluctuations in financial markets and in the composition of assets under management affect our revenues and results of operations. We incur significant expenditures to attract new investment advisory clients and additional investments from our existing clients. These efforts involve costs that precede any future revenues that we recognize from an increase to our assets under management.
We remain debt-free with ample liquidity and resources that allow us to take advantage of attractive growth opportunities; invest in key capabilities, including investment professionals, technologies, and new product offerings; and, most importantly, provide our clients with strong investment management expertise and service both now and in the future. We expect to continue our investment in long-term initiatives to sustain and deepen our investment talent, add investment capabilities both in terms of new strategies and new investment vehicles, expand capabilities through enhanced technology, and broaden our distribution reach globally.
We expect to increase our pace of spending on a series of key strategic priorities to address evolving client needs and to grow and further diversify our business. Based on these planned initiatives, we currently expect that our planned operating expenses, excluding the net charge related to the Dell appraisal rights matter, will grow in the high-single-digit range in 2017 versus 2016. We could elect to moderate the pace of spending on our planned initiatives should markets decline significantly. In addition, other events not currently planned or expected could impact our expense levels.
BACKGROUND.
U.S. stocks rose strongly in 2016, with major indexes finishing the year near record highs. Small-cap stocks substantially outperformed large-caps, and it was the eighth consecutive year for a positive S&P 500 Index total return. The year began with fears of a global economic slowdown, which caused a short but sharp correction in equities and commodities. U.S. shares bottomed in mid-February and worked their way higher through late June, as commodity prices rebounded and the U.S. dollar weakened due to diminishing expectations for Federal Reserve interest rate increases in 2016. In late June, world equity markets experienced a brief but intense sell-off as the UK unexpectedly voted in favor of leaving the European Union. However, stocks resumed rising amid expectations that global central banks would provide additional monetary stimulus. In the months prior to the November U.S. elections, the U.S. market’s advance was hindered by political uncertainty, as well as uncertainty about the timing of a possible interest rate increase, as Fed officials started cautioning that the case for raising short-term rates had “strengthened.” Stocks surged following the U.S. election results. However, the rally lost some steam in December, as the Fed raised short-term rates in mid-December and projected more-than-expected increases in 2017.
Developed non-U.S. equity markets significantly underperformed U.S. shares for the year, as returns to U.S. investors were hurt by a stronger dollar versus some major currencies. In dollar terms, Asian markets advanced for the year, though Japan,
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Hong Kong, and Singapore gained less than 3%. European equity markets were widely mixed, with Italy—one of the worst-performing markets—dropping more than 9%, due in part to its troubled banking sector.
Emerging equity markets outperformed developed non-U.S. markets. Brazil led the Latin America region with a nearly 67% gain, helped by rebounding commodity prices and by a new president pursuing reforms. In emerging Europe, Russian shares soared amid firming oil prices, a stronger ruble, and hopes for better relations with the U.S. Emerging Asian markets were widely mixed.
Results of several major equity market indexes for 2016 are as follows:
S&P 500 Index | 12.0% |
NASDAQ Composite Index (excluding dividends) | 7.5% |
Russell 2000 Index | 21.3% |
MSCI EAFE (Europe, Australasia, and Far East) Index | 1.5% |
MSCI Emerging Markets Index | 11.6% |
Global bond returns were mostly positive in 2016. In the U.S., intermediate- and long-term Treasury yields declined in the first half of the year, then rebounded in the second half and finished the year above their year-end 2015 levels. The 10-year Treasury note yield decreased from 2.3% at the end of 2015 to less than 1.4% around midyear, then it rose to around 2.5% by the end of 2016. In the investment-grade universe, corporate bonds were among the best performers. Longer-term Treasuries generated modest returns. Municipal securities were flat for the year, as they surrendered earlier gains during the fourth quarter amid rising interest rates and cash outflows. High yield bonds strongly outperformed, helped by their lower interest rate sensitivity, investors’ demand for securities with attractive yields, and a rebound in oil prices.
Bonds in developed non-U.S. markets produced modest positive returns in dollar terms, as significant first-half gains driven by U.S. currency weakness and falling sovereign debt yields were largely offset by a reversal of these trends in the latter half of the year. Bonds in emerging markets produced solid gains, as first-half returns driven by dollar weakness and investors’ search for attractive yields were only partially eroded by a stronger U.S. dollar in the second half.
Results of several major bond market indexes for 2016 are as follows:
Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index | 2.7% |
JPMorgan Global High Yield Index | 18.3% |
Bloomberg Barclays Municipal Bond Index | .3% |
Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Ex-U.S. Dollar Bond Index | 1.5% |
JPMorgan Emerging Markets Bond Index Plus | 9.6% |
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ASSETS UNDER MANAGEMENT.
Our assets under management ended 2016 at $810.8 billion, an increase of $47.7 billion from the end of 2015. During 2016, market appreciation and income, net of distributions not reinvested, of $50.5 billion was offset in part by net cash outflows of $2.8 billion. Investment advisory clients outside the U.S. account for about 5% of our assets under management at December 31, 2016.
Assets under management by investment vehicle | As of | |||||||
(in billions) | December 31, | |||||||
2015 | 2016 | |||||||
Sponsored U.S. mutual funds | $ | 487.1 | $ | 514.2 | ||||
Other investment portfolios | 276.0 | 296.6 | ||||||
Total assets under management | $ | 763.1 | $ | 810.8 | ||||
Assets under management by asset class | As of | |||||||
(in billions) | December 31, | |||||||
2015 | 2016 | |||||||
Equity | $ | 439.4 | $ | 450.6 | ||||
Fixed income | 110.4 | 121.2 | ||||||
Asset allocation | 213.3 | 239.0 | ||||||
Total assets under management | $ | 763.1 | $ | 810.8 | ||||
Our target date retirement portfolios, which invest in a broadly diversified portfolio of other T. Rowe Price funds or T. Rowe Price collective investment trusts and automatically rebalance to maintain their specific asset allocation weightings, continue to be a significant part of our assets under management. Assets under management at December 31, 2016, in these target date portfolios totaled $189.2 billion, including $150.9 billion in target date retirement funds and $38.3 billion in target date retirement trusts.
The following table presents the component changes in assets under management for 2014, 2015, and 2016.
Sponsored U.S. mutual funds | Other investment portfolios | Total | ||||||||||
Assets under management at December 31, 2013 | $ | 435.3 | $ | 257.1 | $ | 692.4 | ||||||
Net cash flows before client transfers | 17.1 | (13.4 | ) | 3.7 | ||||||||
Client transfers from mutual funds to other portfolios | (5.3 | ) | 5.3 | — | ||||||||
Net cash flows after client transfers | 11.8 | (8.1 | ) | 3.7 | ||||||||
Net market appreciation and income | 32.2 | 20.2 | 52.4 | |||||||||
Distributions not reinvested | (1.7 | ) | — | (1.7 | ) | |||||||
Change during the period | 42.3 | 12.1 | 54.4 | |||||||||
Assets under management at December 31, 2014 | 477.6 | 269.2 | 746.8 | |||||||||
Net cash flows before client transfers | 7.9 | (6.3 | ) | 1.6 | ||||||||
Client transfers from mutual funds to other portfolios | (6.5 | ) | 6.5 | — | ||||||||
Net cash flows after client transfers | 1.4 | .2 | 1.6 | |||||||||
Net market appreciation and income | 9.6 | 6.7 | 16.3 | |||||||||
Distributions not reinvested | (1.5 | ) | (.1 | ) | (1.6 | ) | ||||||
Change during the period | 9.5 | 6.8 | 16.3 | |||||||||
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Assets under management at December 31, 2015 | 487.1 | 276.0 | 763.1 | |||||||||
Net cash flows before client transfers | .3 | (3.1 | ) | (2.8 | ) | |||||||
Client transfers from mutual funds to other portfolios | (4.9 | ) | 4.9 | — | ||||||||
Net cash flows after client transfers | (4.6 | ) | 1.8 | (2.8 | ) | |||||||
Net market appreciation and income | 32.6 | 18.8 | 51.4 | |||||||||
Distributions not reinvested | (.9 | ) | — | (.9 | ) | |||||||
Change during the period | 27.1 | 20.6 | 47.7 | |||||||||
Assets under management at December 31, 2016 | $ | 514.2 | $ | 296.6 | $ | 810.8 | ||||||
In 2014, the majority of the assets transferred by clients from our sponsored mutual funds to our other investment portfolios disclosed in the table above were moved from our target date retirement funds to our collective investment trusts and target date retirement trusts. In 2015 and 2016, assets were transferred from both target date retirement funds and other mutual funds to our collective investment trusts, target date retirement trusts, and separate accounts.
The net cash flows after client transfers (in billions), by investment vehicle and asset class, over the last three years, are as follows:
Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||||||||||
Sponsored U.S. mutual funds | ||||||||||||
Stock and blended asset funds | 3.7 | 1.5 | $ | (9.9 | ) | |||||||
Bond funds | 8.3 | .3 | 4.7 | |||||||||
Money market funds | (0.2 | ) | (0.4 | ) | .6 | |||||||
11.8 | 1.4 | (4.6 | ) | |||||||||
Other investment portfolios | ||||||||||||
Stock and blended assets | (6.4 | ) | (3.8 | ) | (4.9 | ) | ||||||
Fixed income, money market, and stable value | (1.7 | ) | 4.0 | 6.7 | ||||||||
(8.1 | ) | .2 | 1.8 | |||||||||
Total net cash flows after client transfers | $ | 3.7 | $ | 1.6 | $ | (2.8 | ) | |||||
Net cash flows after client transfers originating in target date retirement portfolios | $ | 17.7 | $ | 16.2 | $ | 8.1 | ||||||
The net cash inflows in our sponsored U.S. mutual funds over the last three years were sourced primarily from third-party financial intermediaries across various mandates as detailed below.
In 2014, the net outflows from our other investment portfolios were primarily from a few institutional and subadvisory clients who redeemed significant amounts from a small number of equity and fixed income strategies. In 2015, the net inflows in our other investment portfolios resulted primarily from the client transfers received from the mutual funds. The net outflows prior to the transfers into these portfolios were largely concentrated among a small number of institutional clients who redeemed primarily from large-cap U.S. equity strategies. In 2016, our net cash outflows are largely attributable to institutional and intermediary clients reallocating to passive investments and the impact of our closed investment strategies. The general trend to passive also impacted the net cash flows originating in our target date retirement portfolios. This trend has been persistent and has accelerated in recent years. However, over the long term we expect well-executed active management to play an important role for investors, and we are reinvesting in our company with the objective of delivering strong investment performance and excellent client service like we have historically achieved.
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INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE.
Strong investment performance and brand awareness is a key driver to attracting and retaining assets—and to our long-term success. Although investment performance relative to our peers has weakened in 2016, it has been strong over the longer term. The percentage of our Price Funds across their share classes that outperformed their comparable Lipper averages on a total return basis and percentage in top Lipper quartile for the 1-, 3-, 5- and 10-years ended December 31, 2016, were:
1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years | |
US equity | 51% | 93% | 100% | 94% |
International equity | 76% | 81% | 77% | 90% |
Fixed income | 46% | 63% | 46% | 68% |
Asset allocation | 49% | 97% | 95% | 94% |
All Price Funds (across their share classes) | 53% | 84% | 80% | 86% |
Price Funds in top Lipper quartile | 26% | 39% | 54% | 55% |
In addition, nearly 86% of our Price Funds' assets under management ended December 31, 2016, with an overall rating of four or five stars from Morningstar. The performance of our institutional strategies against their benchmarks weakened in 2016 but remains very competitive over longer time periods.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The table below presents financial results on a U.S. GAAP basis, as well as a non-GAAP basis to adjust for the non-recurring charge related to the Dell appraisal rights matter, the impact of the consolidated sponsored investment portfolios, and other non-operating income. We believe the non-GAAP financial measures below provide relevant and meaningful information to investors about our core operating results.
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||
(in millions, except per-share data) | 2015 | 2016 | Dollar change | Percentage change | |||||||||||
U.S. GAAP Basis | |||||||||||||||
Investment advisory fees | $ | 3,687.3 | $ | 3,728.7 | $ | 41.4 | 1.1 | % | |||||||
Net revenues | $ | 4,200.6 | $ | 4,222.9 | $ | 22.3 | .5 | % | |||||||
Operating expenses | $ | 2,301.7 | $ | 2,489.5 | $ | 187.8 | 8.2 | % | |||||||
Net operating income | $ | 1,898.9 | $ | 1,733.4 | $ | (165.5 | ) | (8.7 | )% | ||||||
Non-operating income(1) | $ | 103.5 | $ | 227.1 | $ | 123.6 | nm | ||||||||
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 1,223.0 | $ | 1,215.0 | $ | (8.0 | ) | (.7 | )% | ||||||
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 4.63 | $ | 4.75 | $ | .12 | 2.6 | % | |||||||
Weighted average common shares outstanding assuming dilution | 260.9 | 250.3 | (10.6 | ) | (4.1 | )% | |||||||||
Adjusted(2) | |||||||||||||||
Operating expenses | $ | 2,301.7 | $ | 2,416.8 | $ | 115.1 | 5.0 | % | |||||||
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 1,160.3 | $ | 1,148.9 | $ | (11.4 | ) | (1.0 | )% | ||||||
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 4.39 | $ | 4.49 | .10 | 2.3 | % | ||||||||
Assets under management (in billions) | |||||||||||||||
Average assets under management | $ | 767.9 | $ | 778.2 | $ | 10.3 | 1.3 | % | |||||||
Ending assets under management | $ | 763.1 | $ | 810.8 | $ | 47.7 | 6.3 | % | |||||||
(1) Non-operating income varies from year to year due to a number of factors; accordingly the percentage change in non-operating income is not believed to be meaningful.
(2) See the reconciliation to the comparable U.S. GAAP measures at the end of the Results of Operations sections of Part II, Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
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As detailed in the table above, the percentage increase in investment advisory revenues in 2016 was in line with the increase in our average assets under management. We waived $10.5 million in money market-related fees (including advisory fees and fund expenses) in 2016, a decrease of $37.1 million from the $47.6 million waived in the 2015 period. The fee waivers in 2016 represent less than .5% of total investment advisory revenues earned during the same period. These fees were waived from certain of our money market mutual funds and trusts, which have combined net assets of $15.7 billion at December 31, 2016. We expect money market fee waivers, if any, will be insignificant in 2017. The annual fee rate earned on our assets under management was 47.9 basis points in 2016, virtually unchanged from the 48.0 basis points earned in 2015. The impact on our effective fee rate from the reduction in money market waivers in 2016 was offset by effective fee rate reductions in certain of our sponsored U.S. mutual funds.
Our operating expenses include a non-recurring charge, net of insurance recovery, of $66.2 million, or $.15 per share after tax related to the Dell appraisal rights matter. In 2016, we paid our clients $166.2 million to compensate them for the denial of their appraisal rights in connection with the 2013 leveraged buyout of Dell. We made claims with our insurance carriers and, on December 30, 2016, entered into an agreement with our primary insurance carrier to recover $100 million from the claim. The insurance proceeds were recognized as an offset to the related $166.2 million charge recognized in the second quarter of 2016. Remaining insurance claims filed with respect to this matter that could result in an additional recovery of up to $50 million are still pending.
Our operating margin in 2016 was 41.0% compared to 45.2% in the 2015 period. Without the impact of the non-recurring charge relating to the Dell appraisal rights matter, our operating margin in 2016 would have been 42.6%. The additional decline in our 2016 operating margin results primarily from the investments we have been making to broaden and deepen our investment management, distribution, and service capabilities around the world.
Our 2016 results were significantly impacted by the adoption of new accounting guidance related to consolidation and stock-based compensation. The impacts of implementing this new guidance is discussed in more detail in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies section of our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 of this filing.
The impact (in millions) the consolidated sponsored investment portfolios have on the individual lines of our 2016 consolidated statement of income is as follows:
Operating expenses reflected in net operating income | $ | (13.0 | ) |
Net investment income reflected in non-operating income | 121.1 | ||
Impact on income before taxes | $ | 108.1 | |
Net income attributable to the firm's interest in the consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | $ | 69.1 | |
Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests (unrelated third-party investors) | 39.0 | ||
$ | 108.1 | ||
Net revenues
Investment advisory revenues earned from the T. Rowe Price mutual funds distributed in the U.S. increased 1.4%, or $37.5 million, to $2.7 billion. Average mutual fund assets in 2016 were $495.5 billion, an increase of .4% from the average for the comparable 2015 period. The increase in advisory revenues was due in part to the reduction in money market fee waivers realized in 2016 compared with 2015.
Investment advisory revenues earned on the other investment portfolios for 2016 were $1,023.3 million, an increase of $3.9 million, or .4%, from the $1,019.4 million earned in 2015. Average assets in these portfolios were $282.7 billion during 2016, up 3.1% from the comparable 2015 period. In 2016, our advisory revenues are presented net of $7.0 million related to the elimination of management fees earned on the net assets of certain of our consolidated sponsored investment portfolios. We eliminated these advisory fees in preparing our consolidated financial statements.
Administrative fee revenues decreased $9.3 million to $352.5 million in 2016. The decrease is primarily attributable to transfer agent servicing activities provided to the mutual funds and their investors, as well as the shift of fund accounting and portfolio recordkeeping operations to BNY Mellon that, prior to August 2015, we provided to our sponsored U.S. mutual funds. Changes in administrative fee revenues are generally offset by similar changes in related operating expenses that are incurred to provide services to the funds and their investors.
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Distribution and servicing fee revenues earned from 12b-1 plans of the Advisor, R, and Variable Annuity II Class shares of our sponsored portfolios were $141.7 million in 2016, a decrease of $9.8 million from the comparable 2015 period on lower average assets under management in these share classes. The 12b-1 fees earned are offset entirely by the costs paid to third- party intermediaries who source these assets. These costs are reported as distribution and servicing costs in the consolidated income statements.
Operating expenses
Compensation and related costs was $1,494.0 million in 2016, an increase of $50.4 million, or 3.5%, compared to the 2015 period. The largest part of the increase is attributable to a $56.7 million increase in salaries and related benefits, which resulted from a modest increase in salaries at the beginning of 2016 combined with a 3.2% increase in average headcount from 2015. Noncash stock-based compensation expense and annual variable compensation were up $12.6 million and $4.9 million, respectively. These increases were offset by a higher level of technology labor capitalized in 2016 compared with 2015 and a reduction in temporary labor cost as the 2016 projects used more professional service resources. The overall increase in compensation and related costs and our average staff size from 2015 were muted by lower compensation costs resulting from shifting 210 associates in August 2015 to BNY Mellon and for the ongoing transition support we provide to them. However, these lower compensation costs are generally offset by increases in costs paid to BNY Mellon to provide these administrative services and other transition-related activities, which are reflected in other operating expenses.
Advertising and promotion costs were $79.9 million in 2016 compared with $79.7 million in 2015. We currently expect advertising and promotion costs for 2017 to be up to 10% higher than the 2016 year as we execute on a number of strategic initiatives.
Occupancy and facility costs, together with depreciation expense, increased $20.7 million, or 7.3%, compared to 2015. The increase is primarily attributable to the added costs to update and enhance technology capabilities, including related maintenance programs.
Other operating expenses were $401.5 million in 2016, an increase of $60.1 million from 2015. About half of this increase is attributable to costs being paid to BNY Mellon since August 2015 for the performance of certain administrative services, as mentioned above. The increase also includes $6.5 million in operating expenses, net of investment advisory fees earned by us, of those sponsored investment portfolios that we began consolidating at the beginning of 2016. The remaining balance of the change is due to increased business demands and our continued investment in capabilities.
Non-operating income
Net non-operating investment activity during 2016 resulted in income of $227.1 million compared with $103.5 million in 2015. The following table details the components of non-operating income (in millions) during the 2015 and 2016.
Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2016 | Dollar change | ||||||||||
Net gains realized on dispositions of available-for-sale investments | $ | 56.5 | $ | 53.0 | $ | (3.5 | ) | |||||
Other-than-temporary impairments of available-for-sale investments | (4.8 | ) | — | 4.8 | ||||||||
Net gains (losses) recognized on deconsolidation of sponsored funds | (5.8 | ) | 2.2 | 8.0 | ||||||||
Ordinary and capital gain dividends from sponsored fund investments | 39.7 | 16.1 | (23.6 | ) | ||||||||
Investment gains (losses) on sponsored equity method and trading investments | (2.6 | ) | 20.8 | 23.4 | ||||||||
Net investment income on sponsored fund investments not consolidated | 83.0 | 92.1 | 9.1 | |||||||||
Other investment income | 22.3 | 15.9 | (6.4 | ) | ||||||||
Total investment income on investments | 105.3 | 108.0 | 2.7 | |||||||||
Net investment income on consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | 1.5 | 121.1 | 119.6 | |||||||||
Other non-operating expense | (3.3 | ) | (2.0 | ) | 1.3 | |||||||
Non-operating income | $ | 103.5 | $ | 227.1 | $ | 123.6 | ||||||
The increase in investment gains on sponsored equity method and trading investments is driven by an increase in the number of sponsored funds accounted for as equity method investments as well as market gains. The investment income on consolidated
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sponsored investment portfolios has increased in 2016 as the number of portfolios we consolidate, as discussed earlier in this section, increased significantly upon the adoption of the new consolidation accounting guidance. See the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this filing for more information related to the impact of the guidance.
Provision for income taxes
Our effective tax rate for 2016 was 36.0% compared to 38.9% in 2015. The decrease in the effective tax rate is related in part to the increase in net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest related to our consolidated sponsored investment portfolios as we do not recognize taxes associated with these earnings. Additionally, the estimated effective tax rate has declined as a result of adopting the new stock-based compensation accounting guidance as discussed in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this filing. Under the new guidance, tax benefits and shortfalls on exercised options and vested restricted stock relative to the stock-based compensation expense recognized are included in the provision for income taxes rather than as additional paid in capital on the consolidated balance sheet. Our effective income tax rate also reflects the relative contribution of pretax income generated by our foreign subsidiaries that are subject to tax rates lower than our U.S. rates. Changes in the relative contribution of pretax income from U.S. and foreign sources or changes in tax rates in relevant jurisdictions may affect our effective income tax rate and overall net income in the future. We currently estimate that our effective tax rate for 2017 to be 36.5%. Our 2017 estimate assumes the tax benefits related to stock-based compensation will be similar to those realized in 2016.
2015 versus 2014
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||
2014 | 2015 | Dollar change | Percentage change | ||||||||||||
(in millions, except per-share data) | |||||||||||||||
Investment advisory fees | $ | 3,464.5 | $ | 3,687.3 | $ | 222.8 | 6.4 | % | |||||||
Net revenues | $ | 3,982.1 | $ | 4,200.6 | $ | 218.5 | 5.5 | % | |||||||
Operating expenses | $ | 2,091.2 | $ | 2,301.7 | $ | 210.5 | 10.1 | % | |||||||
Net operating income | $ | 1,890.9 | $ | 1,898.9 | $ | 8.0 | .4 | % | |||||||
Non-operating investment income | $ | 112.2 | $ | 103.5 | $ | (8.7 | ) | (7.8 | )% | ||||||
Net income | $ | 1,229.6 | $ | 1,223.0 | $ | (6.6 | ) | (.5 | )% | ||||||
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 4.55 | $ | 4.63 | $ | .08 | 1.8 | % | |||||||
Investment advisory revenues earned in 2015 increased over 2014 as our average assets under management increased $43.2 billion, or 6.0%, to $767.9 billion. The average annualized fee rate earned on our assets under management was 48.0 basis points in 2015, up from the 47.8 basis points earned in 2014, as money market fee waivers declined and equity valuations, which on average carry a higher fee rate, increased in 2015. We waived $47.6 million in money market-related fees in 2015, including advisory fees and fund expenses, a decrease of $10.8 million from the $58.4 million waived in 2014. The fee waivers in 2015 represent 1.3% of total investment advisory revenues earned during the same period. Fees were waived from all our money market mutual funds and trusts, which have combined net assets of $15.7 billion at December 31, 2015.
Our operating margin in 2015 was 45.2% compared to 47.5% in the 2014 period. The decline is a result of the investments we have been making to broaden and deepen our investment management, distribution, and service capabilities around the world despite the impact of market volatility on our net revenues.
Net revenues
Investment advisory revenues earned from the T. Rowe Price mutual funds distributed in the U.S. increased 7.3%, or $182.1 million, to nearly $2.7 billion, on higher average mutual fund assets. Average mutual fund assets in 2015 were $493.6 billion, an increase of 7.1% from the average for the comparable 2014 period.
Investment advisory revenues earned on the other investment portfolios in 2015 were $1.0 billion, an increase of $40.7 million, or 4.2%, from the $978.7 million earned in the comparable 2014 period. Average assets in these portfolios were $274.3 billion in 2015, up 4.0% from the comparable 2014 period.
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Administrative fee revenues decreased $12.2 million to $361.8 million in 2015. The decrease includes the reduction in certain administrative service fee rates paid by certain fund shareholders at the beginning of 2015. Additionally, fees earned from the mutual funds for fund accounting has declined in 2015 compared to 2014, as such services began to be performed by BNY Mellon in August 2015. The mutual funds have contracted directly with BNY Mellon to provide such services. Changes in administrative fee revenues are generally offset by similar changes in related operating expenses that are incurred to provide services to the funds and their investors.
Distribution and servicing fee revenues earned from 12b-1 plans of the Advisor Class, R Class, and Variable Annuity II Class shares of our sponsored portfolios were $151.5 million in 2015, an increase of $7.9 million from 2014 on greater average assets under management in these share classes. The 12b-1 fees earned are offset entirely by the costs paid to third-party intermediaries who source these assets. These costs are reported as distribution and servicing costs in the consolidated income statements.
Operating expenses
Compensation and related costs were $1.4 billion in 2015, an increase of $114.0 million, or 8.6%, compared to 2014. The largest part of the increase is attributable to a $52.6 million increase in salaries and related benefits and a $43.0 million increase in our annual variable compensation program. Our average staff size in 2015 increased 3.7% over 2014, and we employed 5,999 associates at December 31, 2015. Higher noncash stock-based compensation expense and temporary staff expense account for the remainder of the increase in compensation and related costs in the 2015 period. The increase in compensation and related costs and our average staff size were muted by the lower compensation costs resulting from shifting 210 associates and providing ongoing transition support to BNY Mellon, with whom we contracted to provide fund accounting and recordkeeping operations. However, these lower compensation costs are offset by increases in costs paid to BNY Mellon to provide these administrative services, which are reflected in other operating expenses.
Advertising and promotion costs were $79.7 million in 2015, an increase of $3.7 million from 2014. The higher cost is primarily attributable to the creation and launch of a new advertising campaign and increased participation in promotional activities as we broaden our distribution reach.
Occupancy and facility costs, together with depreciation expense, increased $29.9 million, or 11.7%, compared to 2014. The increase is primarily attributable to the added costs to update and enhance technology capabilities, including related maintenance programs.
Other operating expenses were $341.4 million in 2015, an increase of $55.0 million from 2014. About a third of the increase is attributable to costs being paid to BNY Mellon since August 2015 for the performance of certain administrative services. The balance of the change is due to increased business demands and our continued investment in capabilities. These costs include information and third-party service costs, costs related to our defined contribution recordkeeping business, travel-related costs, and other general and administrative costs.
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Non-operating investment income
Net non-operating investment activity during 2015 resulted in income of $103.5 million, a decrease of $8.7 million from 2014. Net losses recognized on our sponsored fund investments of $12.3 million were offset in part by other investment income of $3.6 million. The following table details the components of non-operating investment income (in millions) during 2014 and 2015.
Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2014 | 2015 | Dollar change | ||||||||||
Net gains realized on sponsored fund dispositions | $ | 49.3 | $ | 56.5 | $ | 7.2 | ||||||
Ordinary and capital gain dividends | 50.2 | 43.0 | (7.2 | ) | ||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment | — | (4.8 | ) | (4.8 | ) | |||||||
Earnings (losses) on equity method fund holdings | 1.1 | (2.4 | ) | (3.5 | ) | |||||||
Net losses recognized on trading securities | (3.8 | ) | (2.0 | ) | 1.8 | |||||||
Net loss recognized on deconsolidation of a sponsored fund | — | (5.8 | ) | (5.8 | ) | |||||||
Net investment gains recognized on sponsored funds | 96.8 | 84.5 | (12.3 | ) | ||||||||
Other investment income | 15.4 | 19.0 | 3.6 | |||||||||
Non-operating investment income | $ | 112.2 | $ | 103.5 | $ | (8.7 | ) | |||||
The net loss recognized on deconsolidation represents the reclassification of a foreign currency loss that was accumulated in other comprehensive income from the date we made our initial seed capital investment in an Australian dollar-denominated fund. Since the deconsolidation, we are accounting for the investment under the equity method of accounting.
Provision for income taxes
Our effective tax rate was 38.9% in 2015 compared to 38.6% in 2014. Our effective income tax rate reflects the relative contribution of pretax income generated by our foreign subsidiaries that are subject to tax rates lower than our U.S. rates.
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Non-GAAP information and reconciliation
We believe the non-GAAP financial measures below provide relevant and meaningful information to investors about our core operating results. These measures have been established in order to increase transparency for the purpose of evaluating our core business, for comparing current results with prior period results, and to enable more appropriate comparison with industry peers. However, non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered as a substitute for financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may be calculated differently by other companies. The following schedule reconciles (in millions, except for per-share amounts) U.S. GAAP financial measures to non-GAAP measures for each of the last five years.
in millions, except for per-share amounts | Year ended December 31 | ||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||
Operating expenses, GAAP basis | $ | 1,658.2 | $ | 1,846.8 | $ | 2,091.2 | $ | 2,301.7 | $ | 2,489.5 | |||||||||
Non-GAAP Adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||
Expenses of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios, net of elimination of our related management fee(1) | — | — | — | — | (6.5 | ) | |||||||||||||
Nonrecurring charge related to Dell appraisal rights matter(3) | — | — | — | — | (66.2 | ) | |||||||||||||
Adjusted operating expenses | $ | 1,658.2 | $ | 1,846.8 | $ | 2,091.2 | $ | 2,301.7 | $ | 2,416.8 | |||||||||
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., GAAP basis | $ | 883.6 | $ | 1,047.7 | $ | 1,229.6 | $ | 1,223.0 | $ | 1,215.0 | |||||||||
Non-GAAP Adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||
Net income of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios, net of redeemable non-controlling interests(1) | (7.1 | ) | (4.5 | ) | — | (1.5 | ) | (69.1 | ) | ||||||||||
Non-operating income, excluding impact of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios(2) | (63.7 | ) | (58.5 | ) | (112.2 | ) | (102.0 | ) | (106.0 | ) | |||||||||
Non-recurring charge related to Dell appraisal rights matter(3) | — | — | — | — | 66.2 | ||||||||||||||
Income tax impacts of non-GAAP adjustments(4) | 27.5 | 24.5 | 43.9 | 40.8 | 42.8 | ||||||||||||||
Adjusted net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | $ | 840.3 | $ | 1,009.2 | $ | 1,161.3 | $ | 1,160.3 | $ | 1,148.9 | |||||||||
Diluted earnings per common share, GAAP basis | $ | 3.36 | $ | 3.90 | $ | 4.55 | $ | 4.63 | $ | 4.75 | |||||||||
Non-GAAP Adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated sponsored investment portfolios(1) | (.02 | ) | (.01 | ) | — | (.01 | ) | (.16 | ) | ||||||||||
Non-operating income, excluding impact of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios(2) | (.14 | ) | (.13 | ) | (.26 | ) | (.23 | ) | (.25 | ) | |||||||||
Non-recurring charge related to Dell appraisal rights matter(3) | — | — | — | — | .15 | ||||||||||||||
Adjusted diluted earnings per common share(5) | $ | 3.20 | $ | 3.76 | $ | 4.29 | $ | 4.39 | $ | 4.49 | |||||||||
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(1) We implemented new consolidation accounting guidance on January 1, 2016, that resulted in a larger number of our sponsored investment portfolios, that we provide seed capital to at inception, to be consolidated in our financial statements as we were deemed to have a controlling financial interest. We now recognize investment gains and losses on a larger number of the investments in sponsored portfolios in our consolidated statement of income compared to our consolidated statement of comprehensive income in 2015. The non-GAAP adjustments add back the management fees we earn from the consolidated sponsored investment portfolios and remove the investment income and operating expenses of these portfolios that have been included in our U.S. GAAP consolidated statements of income. We believe the consolidated sponsored investment portfolios may impact the reader's ability to understand our core operating results. The following table details the amounts and consolidated statement of income line items in which the amounts were recognized:
Year ended December 31 | |||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||
Net investment income of consolidated sponsored portfolios | $ | 7.1 | $ | 4.5 | $ | — | $ | 1.5 | $ | 121.1 | |||||||||
Operating expenses of consolidated sponsored portfolios | — | — | — | — | (13.0 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net income of consolidated sponsored portfolios | 7.1 | 4.5 | — | 1.5 | 108.1 | ||||||||||||||
Less: net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | — | — | — | — | 39.0 | ||||||||||||||
T. Rowe Price's portion of net income | $ | 7.1 | $ | 4.5 | $ | — | $ | 1.5 | $ | 69.1 | |||||||||
(2) This non-GAAP adjustment removes the non-operating income that remains after backing out the portion related to the consolidated sponsored investment portfolios. We believe excluding non-operating income helps the reader's ability to understand the firm’s core operating results and increases comparability to prior years. Additionally, we do not emphasize the impact of non-operating income when managing our firm and evaluating our performance.
Year ended December 31 | |||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||
Total non-operating income | $ | 70.8 | $ | 63.0 | $ | 112.2 | $ | 103.5 | $ | 227.1 | |||||||||
Less: net investment income of consolidated sponsored portfolios | 7.1 | 4.5 | — | 1.5 | 121.1 | ||||||||||||||
Total other non-operating income | $ | 63.7 | $ | 58.5 | $ | 112.2 | $ | 102.0 | $ | 106.0 | |||||||||
(3) As previously disclosed, we made the decision in 2016 to compensate certain clients in regard to the Dell appraisal rights matter. We also recognized an offset to this charge for a related insurance recovery. We believe it is useful to readers of our consolidated statement of income to adjust for this non-recurring charge, net of the insurance recovery, in arriving at adjusted operating expenses, net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and diluted earnings per share, as this will aid with comparability to prior periods and analyzing our core business results.
(4) These were calculated using the effective tax rate applicable to the related items.
(5) This non-GAAP measure was calculated by applying the two-class method to adjusted net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., divided by the weighted-average common shares outstanding assuming dilution.
CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY.
During 2016, stockholders’ equity increased from $4.8 billion to $5.0 billion. Tangible book value increased to $4.3 billion at December 31, 2016. We paid $2.16 per share in regular dividends in 2016, an increase of 3.8% over the $2.08 per share in regular dividends paid in 2015. Additionally, we expended $676.9 million to repurchase 10.0 million shares, or 4.0%, of our outstanding common stock in 2016. These dividends and repurchases were expended using existing cash balances and cash generated from operations. We will generally repurchase our common stock over time to offset the dilution created by our equity-based compensation plans. In December 2016, our Board of Directors increased our share repurchase program by 12 million shares.
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As detailed below, we have returned $4.1 billion to stockholders over the last three years through stock repurchases, our regular quarterly dividends, and a special dividend in 2015.
(in millions) | Recurring dividend | Special dividend | Stock repurchases | Total cash returned to stockholders | |||||||||||
2014 | $ | 462.1 | $ | — | $ | 415.5 | $ | 877.6 | |||||||
2015 | 534.5 | 524.5 | 987.8 | 2,046.8 | |||||||||||
2016 | 541.2 | — | 676.9 | 1,218.1 | |||||||||||
Total | $ | 1,537.8 | $ | 524.5 | $ | 2,080.2 | $ | 4,142.5 | |||||||
We remain debt-free with ample liquidity, including cash and discretionary sponsored portfolio investment holdings of $1.9 billion at December 31, 2016. We also have seed capital investments in sponsored investment portfolios of $1.3 billion that are redeemable, although we generally expect to be invested for several years until unrelated third-party investors substantially reduce our relative ownership percentage. The cash and discretionary sponsored investment holdings held by our subsidiaries outside the U.S. is $.4 million at December 31, 2016.
The following table details (in millions) the line items of the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016, where our cash and discretionary sponsored portfolio investment holdings and seed capital investments are presented, as well as the amount of other investments we hold that make up the remainder of the investments line in the financial statements. The investment presentation on the consolidated balance sheet is based on the type of investment, as well as how we account for it.
Interest Held by T. Rowe Price Group | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and discretionary investments in sponsored portfolios | Seed capital investments in sponsored portfolios | Investment in UTI and other investments | Total | Redeemable non-controlling interest | As reported on consolidated balance sheet 12/31/2016 | ||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,204.9 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,204.9 | $ | — | $ | 1,204.9 | |||||||||||
Investments | 691.6 | 345.1 | 220.8 | 1,257.5 | — | 1,257.5 | |||||||||||||||||
Net assets of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | 9.0 | 918.7 | — | 927.7 | 687.2 | 1,614.9 | |||||||||||||||||
$ | 1,905.5 | $ | 1,263.8 | $ | 220.8 | $ | 3,390.1 | $ | 687.2 | $ | 4,077.3 | ||||||||||||
On January 1, 2016, we implemented new consolidation accounting guidance that resulted in the consolidation of sponsored investment portfolios in which we have a controlling interest. Our consolidated balance sheet now reflects the cash and cash equivalents, investments, other assets and liabilities of the sponsored portfolios, as well as redeemable non-controlling interests for the portion of the sponsored portfolios that are held by unrelated third-party investors. Although we can redeem our net interest in these sponsored investment portfolios at any time, we cannot directly access or sell the assets held by the portfolios to obtain cash for general operations. Additionally, the assets of these investment portfolios are not available to our general creditors. Our interest in these sponsored investment portfolios was used as initial seed capital and is recategorized as discretionary when it is determined by management that the seed capital is no longer needed. We assess the discretionary investment portfolio and when we liquidate our interest, we do so in a way as to not impact the portfolio and, ultimately, the unrelated third-party investors.
We anticipate property and equipment expenditures in 2017 to be up to $175 million, of which about two-thirds is planned for technology initiatives. Given the availability of our financial resources, we expect to fund our anticipated capital expenditures with operating resources and do not maintain an available external source of liquidity.
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2016 versus 2015.
The following table summarizes the cash flows (in millions) for 2016, that are attributable to T. Rowe Price Group, our consolidated sponsored investment portfolios, and the related eliminations required in preparing the statement.
For year ended 12/31/2016 | |||||||||||||||||||
As reported for the year ended 12/31/2015 | Cash flow attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | Cash flow attributable to consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | Eliminations | As reported on statement of cash flows | |||||||||||||||
Cash flows from operating activities | |||||||||||||||||||
Net income | $ | 1,223.0 | $ | 1,215.0 | $ | 108.1 | $ | (69.1 | ) | $ | 1,254.0 | ||||||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | |||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment | 126.3 | 133.4 | — | — | 133.4 | ||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | 149.0 | 161.6 | — | — | 161.6 | ||||||||||||||
Realized gains on dispositions of available-for-sale sponsored investment portfolios | (56.5 | ) | (53.0 | ) | — | — | (53.0 | ) | |||||||||||
Net gains recognized on investments | (5.9 | ) | (100.1 | ) | — | 69.1 | (31.0 | ) | |||||||||||
Net change in trading securities held by consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | (7.5 | ) | — | (1,297.9 | ) | — | (1,297.9 | ) | |||||||||||
Other changes in assets and liabilities | 102.1 | (13.2 | ) | 23.2 | (6.6 | ) | 3.4 | ||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 1,530.5 | 1,343.7 | (1,166.6 | ) | (6.6 | ) | 170.5 | ||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 109.0 | (219.7 | ) | 41.4 | 284.5 | 106.2 | |||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (1,973.3 | ) | (1,091.4 | ) | 1,192.9 | (277.9 | ) | (176.4 | ) | ||||||||||
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | — | — | (2.1 | ) | — | (2.1 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net change in cash and cash equivalents during period | (333.8 | ) | 32.6 | $ | 65.6 | — | 98.2 | ||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 1,506.1 | 1,172.3 | $ | — | — | 1,172.3 | |||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 1,172.3 | $ | 1,204.9 | $ | 65.6 | $ | — | $ | 1,270.5 | |||||||||
Operating activities attributable to T. Rowe Price Group during 2016 provided cash flows of $1,343.7 million, a decrease of $186.8 million from the 2015 period. The decline is primarily related to the payments totaling $166.2 million we made in 2016 to compensate certain clients in regard to the Dell appraisal rights matter. We entered into an agreement on December 30, 2016, for a $100 million insurance recovery that we received in January 2017. The net cash provided by operating activities attributable to T. Rowe Price Group was offset in part by the net change in trading securities held in our consolidated sponsored investments’ underlying investment portfolios.
Net cash used in investing activities that are attributable to T. Rowe Price Group totaled $219.7 million in 2016. In 2016, we provided $284.5 million in seed capital to new and existing sponsored investment portfolios. We utilized a portion of the $219.5 million in proceeds from the sale of certain available-for-sale investments and equity method investments in 2016 to fund these seed capital investments. Since we consolidate these sponsored investment portfolios, the seed capital that we provided was eliminated in preparing our consolidated statement of cash flow. In 2015, cash proceeds from the sale of certain sponsored fund holdings, net of new investments, resulted in investing cash flows of $269.7 million. Additionally, our net property and equipment additions were $148.3 million in 2016 compared to $151.3 million in the 2015 period. The cash flow attributable to consolidated sponsored investment portfolios of $41.4 million represents the net cash added to our consolidated balance sheet from consolidating and deconsolidating portfolios in 2016.
Net cash used in financing activities attributable to T. Rowe Price Group was $1,091.4 million in 2016 compared with $1,973.3 million in the 2015 period. The decline in cash used in financing activities is largely related to the $2.00 per share, or $524 million, special dividend we paid in April 2015. We also expended $310.9 million less in common stock purchases in 2016 compared to the 2015 period. The cash proceeds received from stock option exercises were higher in 2016 by $52.8 million
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compared with the 2015 period. The net cash used in financing activities attributable to T. Rowe Price Group was largely offset by the $915.0 million of net subscriptions into the consolidated sponsored investment portfolios.
2015 versus 2014.
Operating activities during 2015 provided cash flows of $1.5 billion, up $215.1 million from the 2014 period. We used $75.0 million less cash in 2015 compared with the 2014 period as we seeded fewer new sponsored investment portfolios. Higher noncash depreciation and amortization and noncash stock-based compensation in 2015 increased cash flows by $30.2 million. Timing differences on the cash settlement of our assets and liabilities increased our operating cash flows by $114.8 million compared to 2014. More than half of the timing difference on the cash settlement of our assets and liabilities is related to bonus compensation that was deferred by certain employees under the new Supplemental Savings Plan that went into effect in 2015. The Supplemental Savings Plan provides certain senior officers the opportunity to defer any portion of their cash incentive compensation earned for a respective calendar year during which services are provided for a period of two or more years.
Net cash provided by investing activities totaled $109.0 million in 2015 compared with net cash used of $443.4 million in the 2014 period. In 2015, cash proceeds from the sale of certain sponsored fund holdings, net of new investments, resulted in investing cash flows of $269.7 million. This compares with net investments of $305.3 million that we made into our sponsored fund investments in 2014. We increased our property and equipment additions by $25.1 million during 2015 compared to the 2014 period.
Net cash used in financing activities was $1,949.2 million in 2015, up $1,209.4 million from the comparable 2014 period. The payment of a $2.00 special dividend on April 23, 2015, and an 18% increase in our regular quarterly per-share dividend accounted for $596.9 million of the increase from 2014. We also increased our common stock repurchases by $572.3 million during 2015 compared with 2014.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS.
The following table presents a summary of our future obligations (in millions) under the terms of existing operating leases and other contractual cash purchase commitments at December 31, 2016. Other purchase commitments include contractual amounts that will be due for the purchase of goods or services to be used in our operations and may be cancelable at earlier times than those indicated, under certain conditions that may involve termination fees. Because these obligations are generally of a normal recurring nature, we expect that we will fund them from future cash flows from operations. The information presented does not include operating expenses or capital expenditures that will be committed in the normal course of operations in 2017 and future years. The information also excludes the $6.2 million of unrecognized tax benefits discussed in Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements because it is not possible to estimate the time period in which a payment might be made to the tax authorities.
Total | 2017 | 2018—19 | 2020—21 | Later | |||||||||||||||
Noncancelable operating leases | $ | 262 | $ | 29 | $ | 64 | $ | 54 | $ | 115 | |||||||||
Other purchase commitments | 191 | 148 | 40 | 3 | — | ||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 453 | $ | 177 | $ | 104 | $ | 57 | $ | 115 | |||||||||
We also have outstanding commitments to fund additional contributions to investment partnerships totaling $46.4 million at December 31, 2016. The vast majority of these additional contributions will be made to investment partnerships in which we have an existing investment. In addition to such amounts, a percentage of prior distributions may be called under certain circumstances.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES.
The preparation of financial statements often requires the selection of specific accounting methods and policies from among several acceptable alternatives. Further, significant estimates and judgments may be required in selecting and applying those methods and policies in the recognition of the assets and liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, the revenues and expenses in our consolidated statements of income, and the information that is contained in our significant accounting policies and notes to consolidated financial statements. Making these estimates and judgments requires the analysis of information concerning events that may not yet be complete and of facts and circumstances that may change over time. Accordingly, actual amounts or future results can differ materially from those estimates that we include currently in our consolidated financial statements, significant accounting policies, and notes.
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We present those significant accounting policies used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements as an integral part of those statements within this 2016 Annual Report. In the following discussion, we highlight and explain further certain of those policies that are most critical to the preparation and understanding of our financial statements.
Consolidation. We consolidate all subsidiaries and sponsored investment portfolios in which we have a controlling interest. We are generally deemed to have a controlling interest when we own the majority of the voting interest of an entity or are deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (VIE). VIEs are entities that lack sufficient equity to finance its activities or the equity holders do not have defined power to direct the activities of the entity normally associated with an equity investment. Our analysis to determine whether an entity is a VIE or a voting interest entity (VOE) involves judgment and considers several factors, including an entity’s legal organization, capital structure, the rights of the equity investment holders, our ownership interest in the entity, and our contractual involvement with the entity. We continually review and reconsider our VIE or VOE conclusions upon the occurrence of certain events, such as changes to our ownership interest, changes to an entity’s legal structure, or amendments to governing documents. Our VIEs are primarily sponsored investment entities and our variable interest consists of our equity ownership in and investment management fees earned from these entities.
We are the primary beneficiary if we have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant. Our SICAV funds and other sponsored investment portfolios regulated outside the U.S. are determined to be VIEs. At December 31, 2016, we consolidated VIEs with net assets of $1,389.3 million.
Other-than-temporary impairments of available-for-sale securities. We generally classify our investment holdings in sponsored funds as available-for-sale if we are not deemed to a have a controlling financial interest nor exercise significant influence over its operating and financial policies. At the end of each quarter, we mark the carrying amount of each investment holding to fair value and recognize an unrealized gain or loss as a component of comprehensive income within the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. We review each individual security position that has an unrealized loss or impairment to determine if that impairment is other than temporary.
In determining whether a mutual fund holding is other-than-temporarily impaired, we consider many factors, including the duration of time the impairment has existed, the severity of the impairment, any subsequent changes in value, and our intent and ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient for an anticipated recovery in fair value. Subject to the other considerations noted above, we believe a fund holding with an unrealized loss that has persisted daily throughout the six months between quarter-ends is generally presumed to have an other-than-temporary impairment. We may also recognize an other-than-temporary impairment for losses that have existed for less than six months in our consolidated statements of income if the particular circumstances of the underlying investment do not warrant our belief that a near-term recovery is possible.
Other-than-temporary impairments of equity method investments. We evaluate our equity method investments, including our investment in UTI and other sponsored investment holdings, for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the investment exceeds its fair value, and the decline in fair value is other than temporary.
Goodwill. We internally conduct, manage, and report our operations as one investment advisory business. We do not have distinct operating segments or components that separately constitute a business. Accordingly, we attribute goodwill to a single reportable business segment and reporting unit—our investment advisory business.
We evaluate the carrying amount of goodwill in our consolidated balance sheets for possible impairment on an annual basis in the third quarter of each year using a fair value approach. Goodwill would be considered impaired whenever our historical carrying amount exceeds the fair value of our investment advisory business. Our annual testing has demonstrated that the fair value of our investment advisory business (our market capitalization) exceeds our carrying amount (our stockholders’ equity) and, therefore, no impairment exists. Should we reach a different conclusion in the future, additional work would be performed to ascertain the amount of the noncash impairment charge to be recognized. We must also perform impairment testing at other times if an event or circumstance occurs indicating that it is more likely than not that an impairment has been incurred. The maximum future impairment of goodwill that we could incur is the amount recognized in our consolidated balance sheets, $665.7 million.
Stock options. We recognize stock option-based compensation expense in our consolidated statements of income using a fair value-based method. Fair value methods use a valuation model for shorter-term, market-traded financial instruments to theoretically value stock option grants even though they are not available for trading and are of longer duration. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model that we use includes the input of certain variables that are dependent on future expectations, including the expected lives of our options from grant date to exercise date; the volatility of our underlying common shares in
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the market over that time period; and the rate of dividends that we will pay during that time. Our estimates of these variables are made for the purpose of using the valuation model to determine an expense for each reporting period and are not subsequently adjusted. Unlike most of our expenses, the resulting charge to earnings using a fair value-based method is a noncash charge that is never measured by, or adjusted based on, a cash outflow.
Provision for income taxes. After compensation and related costs, our provision for income taxes on our earnings is our largest annual expense. We operate in numerous states and countries through our various subsidiaries and must allocate our income, expenses, and earnings under the various laws and regulations of each of these taxing jurisdictions. Accordingly, our provision for income taxes represents our total estimate of the liability that we have incurred in doing business each year in all of our locations. Annually, we file tax returns that represent our filing positions with each jurisdiction and settle our return liabilities. Each jurisdiction has the right to audit those returns and may take different positions with respect to income and expense allocations and taxable earnings determinations. From time to time, we may also provide for estimated liabilities associated with uncertain tax return filing positions that are subject to, or in the process of, being audited by various tax authorities. Because the determination of our annual provision is subject to judgments and estimates, it is likely that actual results will vary from those recognized in our financial statements. As a result, we recognize additions to, or reductions of, income tax expense during a reporting period that pertain to prior period provisions as our estimated liabilities are revised and actual tax returns and tax audits are settled. We recognize any such prior period adjustment in the discrete quarterly period in which it is determined.
NEWLY ISSUED BUT NOT YET ADOPTED ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE.
In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and subsequently has issued five related accounting standard updates clarifying several aspects of ASU 2014-09, including technical corrections and improvements. The overall objective of the new standards updates is to provide a single, comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers to improve comparability within industries, across industries, and across capital markets. The revenue standard contains principles that will be applied to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. We anticipate adopting the new standard on its effective date, January 1, 2018, though we have not yet selected whether we would adopt using the retrospective approach with adjustments to each prior period or the retrospective method with the cumulative effect of initial application recognized at the date of initial application. While we are continuing to assess all potential impacts these standards will have on our financial position and results of operations, early conclusions indicate that these standards will not have a material impact. Our implementation efforts include the identification of revenue within the scope of the guidance, as well as the evaluation of revenue contracts. While we have not identified material changes in the timing of revenue recognition, we continue to evaluate the presentation of certain revenue-related costs on a gross versus net basis and related disclosures of revenue.
In January 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-01 — Financial Instruments — Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The amendments in this update address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. The ASU is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2017, and requires a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. Early adoption is not permitted. The new guidance will require the change in fair value of equity investments with readily determinable fair values to be recognized through the income statements. We are currently evaluating the full impact of the standard; however, upon adoption, the change in the fair value of our available-for-sale investments will be recognized in our consolidated income statement rather than our consolidated statement of comprehensive income.
In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02 — Leases (Topic 842). The objective of the update is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this standard will have on our financial position and results of operations, though we expect that our real estate leases will be recognized on our consolidated balance sheet.
In August 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-05 — Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force). The amendments in this update provide guidance on eight specific cash flow issues. The new guidance is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal
years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this standard will have on our consolidated statements of cash flows.
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We have considered all other newly issued accounting guidance that is applicable to our operations and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, including that which we have not yet adopted. We do not believe that any such guidance will have a material effect on our financial position or results of operation.
FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION.
From time to time, information or statements provided by or on behalf of T. Rowe Price, including those within this report, may contain certain forward-looking information, including information or anticipated information relating to: our revenues, net income, and earnings per share on common stock; changes in the amount and composition of our assets under management; our expense levels; our estimated effective income tax rate; and our expectations regarding financial markets, future transactions, dividends, investments, capital expenditures, and other conditions. Readers are cautioned that any forward-looking information provided by or on behalf of T. Rowe Price is not a guarantee of future performance. Actual results may differ materially from those in forward-looking information because of various factors including, but not limited to, those discussed below and in Item 1A, Risk Factors, of this Form 10-K Annual Report. Further, forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which it is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
Our future revenues and results of operations will fluctuate primarily due to changes in the total value and composition of assets under our management. Such changes result from many factors, including, among other things: cash inflows and outflows in the T. Rowe Price mutual funds and other managed investment portfolios, fluctuations in global financial markets that result in appreciation or depreciation of the assets under our management, our introduction of new mutual funds and investment portfolios, and changes in retirement savings trends relative to participant-directed investments and defined contribution plans. The ability to attract and retain investors’ assets under our management is dependent on investor sentiment and confidence; the relative investment performance of the Price mutual funds and other managed investment portfolios as compared to competing offerings and market indexes; the ability to maintain our investment management and administrative fees at appropriate levels; competitive conditions in the mutual fund, asset management, and broader financial services sectors; and our level of success in implementing our strategy to expand our business. Our revenues are substantially dependent on fees earned under contracts with the Price funds and could be adversely affected if the independent directors of one or more of the Price funds terminated or significantly altered the terms of the investment management or related administrative services agreements. Non-operating investment income will also fluctuate primarily due to the size of our investments, changes in their market valuations, and any other-than-temporary impairments that may arise or, in the case of our equity method investments, our proportionate share of the investees' net income.
Our future results are also dependent upon the level of our expenses, which are subject to fluctuation for the following or other reasons: changes in the level of our advertising and promotion expenses in response to market conditions, including our efforts to expand our investment advisory business to investors outside the U.S. and to further penetrate our distribution channels within the U.S.; the pace and level of our planned increase in spending to support key strategic priorities; variations in the level of total compensation expense due to, among other things, bonuses, restricted stock units and other equity grants, other incentive awards, changes in our employee count and mix, and competitive factors; any goodwill or other asset impairment that may arise; fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates applicable to the costs of our international operations; expenses and capital costs, such as technology assets, depreciation, amortization, and research and development, incurred to maintain and enhance our administrative and operating services infrastructure; unanticipated costs that may be incurred to protect investor accounts and the goodwill of our clients; and disruptions of services, including those provided by third parties, such as fund and portfolio recordkeeping, facilities, communications, power, and the mutual fund transfer agent and accounting systems.
Our business is also subject to substantial governmental regulation, and changes in legal, regulatory, accounting, tax, and compliance requirements may have a substantial effect on our operations and results, including, but not limited to, effects on costs that we incur and effects on investor interest in mutual funds and investing in general or in particular classes of mutual funds or other investments.
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Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. |
The following table (in millions) presents the equity price risk from our investments in our sponsored investment portfolios as they are carried at fair value. Investments in these portfolios generally moderate market risk as they are diversified portfolios that invest in a number of different financial instruments. T. Rowe Price further manages its exposure to market risk by diversifying its investments among many domestic and international funds as well as diversification among equity and fixed income portfolios. In addition, investment holdings may be altered from time to time in response to changes in market risks and other factors, as management deems appropriate.
We have chosen to use a variant of each portfolio's net asset value to quantify the equity price risk, as we believe the volatility in each portfolio's net asset value best reflects the underlying risk potential as well as the market trends surrounding each of its investment objectives. The potential future loss of value, before any income tax benefits, of these fund investments at year-end was determined by using the lower of each portfolio’s lowest net asset value per share during 2016 or its net asset value per share at December 31, 2016, reduced by 10%. In considering this presentation, it is important to note that: Not all portfolios experienced their lowest net asset value per share on the same day; it is likely that the composition of the investment portfolio would be changed if adverse market conditions persisted; and we could experience future losses in excess of those presented below.
Fair value 12/31/2016 | Potential lower value | 2016 potential loss | ||||||||||||
Investments—available-for-sale | $ | 709.0 | $ | 627.8 | $ | 81.2 | 11 | % | ||||||
Investments—trading | $ | 75.4 | $ | 67.7 | $ | 7.7 | 10 | % | ||||||
Direct investment in consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | $ | 927.7 | $ | 813.9 | $ | 113.8 | 12 | % | ||||||
For available-for-sale securities, any losses arising from changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax, until the investment is disposed of, or if the investment is determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired. We review the carrying amount of each investment on a quarterly basis and recognize an impairment charge in non-operating income (loss) whenever an unrealized loss is considered other than temporary.
The direct investment in consolidated sponsored investment portfolios represents our portion of the net assets of the portfolio. Upon consolidation of these portfolios, our direct investment is eliminated and the net assets of the portfolio are combined in our consolidated balance sheet, together with redeemable non-controlling interest, which represents the portion of the portfolio that is owned by unrelated third-party investors. Any losses arising from the change in fair value of our direct investments in consolidated sponsored investment portfolios would result in a corresponding decrease, net of tax, in our net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group.
Certain of our investments, including a few consolidated sponsored investment portfolios, expose us to foreign currency translation risk when their foreign denominated financial statements are translated into U.S. dollars. Our most significant exposure relates to the translation of the financial statements of our equity method investment in UTI ($140.9 million at December 31, 2016), whose financial statements are denominated in Indian rupees (INR) and are translated to U.S. dollars (USD) each reporting period. We do not use derivative financial instruments to manage this foreign currency risk, so both positive and negative fluctuations in the INR against the USD will affect accumulated other comprehensive income and the carrying amount of our investment. We had a cumulative translation loss, net of tax, of $32.3 million at December 31, 2016, related to our investment in UTI. Given the nature of UTI’s business, should conditions deteriorate in markets in which they operate, we are at risk for loss up to our carrying amount.
We operate in several foreign countries of which the United Kingdom is the most prominent. We incur operating expenses and have foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities associated with these operations, although our revenues are predominately realized in USD. We do not believe that foreign currency fluctuations materially affect our results of operations.
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Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. |
Page | |
Index to Financial Statements: | |
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2015 and 2016 | |
Consolidated Statements of Income for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016 | |
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016 | |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016 | |
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016 | |
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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in millions, except share data)
12/31/2015 | 12/31/2016 | ||||||
ASSETS | |||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,172.3 | $ | 1,204.9 | |||
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue | 446.0 | 455.1 | |||||
Investments | 1,961.2 | 1,257.5 | |||||
Assets of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios ($0 and $1,446.1 million, respectively, related to variable interest entities) | 57.7 | 1,680.5 | |||||
Property and equipment, net | 607.1 | 615.1 | |||||
Goodwill | 665.7 | 665.7 | |||||
Other assets | 196.9 | 346.2 | |||||
Total assets | $ | 5,106.9 | $ | 6,225.0 | |||
LIABILITIES | |||||||
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 170.6 | $ | 180.8 | |||
Liabilities of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios ($0 and $56.8 million, respectively, related to variable interest entities) | — | 65.6 | |||||
Accrued compensation and related costs | 84.2 | 92.6 | |||||
Supplemental savings plan liability | 68.9 | 150.9 | |||||
Income taxes payable | 21.2 | 39.3 | |||||
Total liabilities | 344.9 | 529.2 | |||||
Commitments and contingent liabilities | |||||||
Redeemable non-controlling interests | — | 687.2 | |||||
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | |||||||
Preferred stock, undesignated, $.20 par value— authorized and unissued 20,000,000 shares | — | — | |||||
Common stock, $.20 par value—authorized 750,000,000; issued 250,469,000 shares at December 31, 2015, and 244,784,000 at December 31, 2016 | 50.1 | 49.0 | |||||
Additional capital in excess of par value | 654.6 | 654.5 | |||||
Retained earnings | 3,970.7 | 4,293.6 | |||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 86.6 | 11.5 | |||||
Total permanent stockholders' equity | 4,762.0 | 5,008.6 | |||||
Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interests and permanent stockholders’ equity | $ | 5,106.9 | $ | 6,225.0 | |||
The accompanying summary of significant accounting policies and notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(in millions, except earnings per share)
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||
Revenues | |||||||||||
Investment advisory fees | $ | 3,464.5 | $ | 3,687.3 | $ | 3,728.7 | |||||
Administrative fees | 374.0 | 361.8 | 352.5 | ||||||||
Distribution and servicing fees | 143.6 | 151.5 | 141.7 | ||||||||
Net revenues | 3,982.1 | 4,200.6 | 4,222.9 | ||||||||
Operating expenses | |||||||||||
Compensation and related costs | 1,329.6 | 1,443.6 | 1,494.0 | ||||||||
Advertising and promotion | 76.0 | 79.7 | 79.9 | ||||||||
Distribution and servicing costs | 143.6 | 151.5 | 141.7 | ||||||||
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment | 111.7 | 126.3 | 133.4 | ||||||||
Occupancy and facility costs | 143.9 | 159.2 | 172.8 | ||||||||
Other operating expenses | 286.4 | 341.4 | 401.5 | ||||||||
Nonrecurring charge, net of insurance recovery, related to Dell appraisal rights matter | — | — | 66.2 | ||||||||
Total operating expenses | 2,091.2 | 2,301.7 | 2,489.5 | ||||||||
Net operating income | 1,890.9 | 1,898.9 | 1,733.4 | ||||||||
Non-operating income | |||||||||||
Net investment income on investments | 114.7 | 105.3 | 108.0 | ||||||||
Net investment income on consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | — | 1.5 | 121.1 | ||||||||
Other expenses | (2.5 | ) | (3.3 | ) | (2.0 | ) | |||||
Total non-operating income | 112.2 | 103.5 | 227.1 | ||||||||
Income before income taxes | 2,003.1 | 2,002.4 | 1,960.5 | ||||||||
Provision for income taxes | 773.5 | 779.4 | 706.5 | ||||||||
Net income | $ | 1,229.6 | $ | 1,223.0 | $ | 1,254.0 | |||||
Less: net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | — | — | 39.0 | ||||||||
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 1,229.6 | $ | 1,223.0 | $ | 1,215.0 | |||||
Earnings per share on common stock | |||||||||||
Basic | $ | 4.68 | $ | 4.74 | $ | 4.85 | |||||
Diluted | $ | 4.55 | $ | 4.63 | $ | 4.75 | |||||
The accompanying summary of significant accounting policies and notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in millions)
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||
Net income | $ | 1,229.6 | $ | 1,223.0 | $ | 1,254.0 | |||||
Other comprehensive loss | |||||||||||
Net unrealized holding losses on available-for-sale investments | (1.9 | ) | (4.5 | ) | (1.0 | ) | |||||
Reclassification of (gains) and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income to non-operating investment income: | |||||||||||
Capital gain distributions | (31.1 | ) | (20.8 | ) | (6.0 | ) | |||||
Net gains realized on dispositions determined using average cost | (49.3 | ) | (56.5 | ) | (53.0 | ) | |||||
Other-than-temporary impairments | — | 4.8 | — | ||||||||
Total reclassification adjustments | (80.4 | ) | (72.5 | ) | (59.0 | ) | |||||
Total net unrealized holding losses recognized in other comprehensive income | (82.3 | ) | (77.0 | ) | (60.0 | ) | |||||
Currency translation adjustments | |||||||||||
Currency translation adjustments of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios—variable interest entities | (3.6 | ) | (4.9 | ) | (9.5 | ) | |||||
Reclassification: losses (gains) recognized in non-operating investment income upon deconsolidation of sponsored fund subsidiaries | — | 5.8 | (2.2 | ) | |||||||
Total currency translation adjustments of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios—variable interest entities | (3.6 | ) | .9 | (11.7 | ) | ||||||
Equity method investments | 1.8 | (8.1 | ) | (1.6 | ) | ||||||
Total currency translation adjustments | (1.8 | ) | (7.2 | ) | (13.3 | ) | |||||
Other comprehensive loss before income taxes | (84.1 | ) | (84.2 | ) | (73.3 | ) | |||||
Deferred tax benefits | 32.2 | 34.4 | 28.2 | ||||||||
Total other comprehensive loss | (51.9 | ) | (49.8 | ) | (45.1 | ) | |||||
Total comprehensive income | $ | 1,177.7 | $ | 1,173.2 | $ | 1,208.9 | |||||
Less: comprehensive income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 36.5 | |||||
Comprehensive income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 1,177.7 | $ | 1,173.2 | $ | 1,172.4 | |||||
The accompanying summary of significant accounting policies and notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS(1)
(in millions)
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||
Cash flows from operating activities | |||||||||||
Net income | $ | 1,229.6 | $ | 1,223.0 | $ | 1,254.0 | |||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities | |||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment | 111.7 | 126.3 | 133.4 | ||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | 133.4 | 149.0 | 161.6 | ||||||||
Realized gains on the dispositions of sponsored funds | (49.3 | ) | (56.5 | ) | (53.0 | ) | |||||
Net gains recognized on other investments | (11.1 | ) | (5.9 | ) | (31.0 | ) | |||||
Net change in trading securities held by consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | (86.2 | ) | (7.5 | ) | (1,297.9 | ) | |||||
Changes in accounts receivable and accrued revenue | (31.5 | ) | (3.2 | ) | (9.3 | ) | |||||
Changes in payables and accrued liabilities | 36.5 | 98.2 | 138.6 | ||||||||
Other changes in assets and liabilities | 10.8 | 7.1 | (125.9 | ) | |||||||
Net cash provided by operating activities | 1,343.9 | 1,530.5 | 170.5 | ||||||||
Cash flows from investing activities | |||||||||||
Purchases of available-for-sale sponsored fund investments | (471.9 | ) | (164.8 | ) | (.1 | ) | |||||
Dispositions of available-for-sale sponsored fund investments | 166.6 | 434.5 | 133.7 | ||||||||
Net cash of sponsored investment portfolios on consolidation | — | — | 41.4 | ||||||||
Additions to property and equipment | (126.2 | ) | (151.3 | ) | (148.3 | ) | |||||
Other investing activity | (11.9 | ) | (9.4 | ) | 79.5 | ||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (443.4 | ) | 109.0 | 106.2 | |||||||
Cash flows from financing activities | |||||||||||
Repurchases of common stock | (415.5 | ) | (987.8 | ) | (676.9 | ) | |||||
Common share issuances under stock-based compensation plans | 85.2 | 73.5 | 126.3 | ||||||||
Dividends | (462.1 | ) | (1,059.0 | ) | (540.8 | ) | |||||
Net subscriptions received from redeemable non-controlling interest holders | — | — | 915.0 | ||||||||
Net cash used in financing activities | (792.4 | ) | (1,973.3 | ) | (176.4 | ) | |||||
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | — | — | (2.1 | ) | |||||||
Net change in cash and cash equivalents during period | 108.1 | (333.8 | ) | 98.2 | |||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 1,398.0 | 1,506.1 | 1,172.3 | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year, including $65.6 million held by consolidated sponsored investment portfolios at December 31, 2016 | $ | 1,506.1 | $ | 1,172.3 | $ | 1,270.5 | |||||
(1)See note 14 for a supplemental consolidating cash flow schedule.
The accompanying summary of significant accounting policies and notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(shares in thousands; dollars in millions)
Common shares outstanding | Common stock | Additional capital in excess of par value | Retained earnings | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | Total stockholders’ equity | Redeemable non-controlling interests | ||||||||||||||||||||
Balances at December 31, 2013 | 262,073 | $ | 52.4 | $ | 894.6 | $ | 3,682.8 | $ | 188.3 | $ | 4,818.1 | — | ||||||||||||||
Net income | — | — | — | 1,229.6 | — | 1,229.6 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — | — | — | — | (51.9 | ) | (51.9 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Dividends | — | — | — | (462.1 | ) | — | (462.1 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Common stock-based compensation plans activity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares issued upon option exercises | 3,679 | .8 | 106.3 | — | — | 107.1 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Restricted shares issued, net of shares withheld for taxes | 625 | .1 | (12.3 | ) | — | — | (12.2 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Shares issued upon vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes | 163 | — | (4.7 | ) | — | — | (4.7 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Forfeiture of restricted awards | (117 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Net tax benefits | — | — | 53.4 | — | — | 53.4 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | 133.4 | — | — | 133.4 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Restricted stock units issued as dividend equivalents | — | — | .2 | (.2 | ) | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Common shares repurchased | (5,313 | ) | (1.1 | ) | (414.4 | ) | — | — | (415.5 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||
Balances at December 31, 2014 | 261,110 | 52.2 | 756.5 | 4,450.1 | 136.4 | 5,395.2 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Net income | — | — | — | 1,223.0 | — | 1,223.0 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — | — | — | — | (49.8 | ) | (49.8 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Dividends | — | — | — | (1,059.0 | ) | — | (1,059.0 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Common stock-based compensation plans activity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares issued upon option exercises | 2,471 | .5 | 84.0 | — | — | 84.5 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Restricted shares issued, net of shares withheld for taxes | (180 | ) | — | (14.3 | ) | — | — | (14.3 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||
Shares issued upon vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes | 236 | — | (2.0 | ) | — | — | (2.0 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Forfeiture of restricted awards | (59 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Net tax benefits | — | — | 23.2 | — | — | 23.2 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | 149.0 | — | — | 149.0 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Restricted stock units issued as dividend equivalents | — | — | .2 | (.2 | ) | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Common shares repurchased | (13,109 | ) | (2.6 | ) | (342.0 | ) | (643.2 | ) | — | (987.8 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||
Balances at December 31, 2015 | 250,469 | 50.1 | 654.6 | 3,970.7 | 86.6 | 4,762.0 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Reclassification of sponsored investment portfolios upon adoption of new accounting guidance on January 1, 2016 | 32.5 | (32.5 | ) | — | $ | 672.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cumulative effect adjustment upon adoption of new stock-based compensation guidance on January 1, 2016 | — | — | 12.9 | (9.0 | ) | — | 3.9 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Balances at January 1, 2016 | 250,469 | 50.1 | 667.5 | 3,994.2 | 54.1 | 4,765.9 | 672.7 | |||||||||||||||||||
Net income | — | — | — | 1,215.0 | — | 1,215.0 | 39.0 | |||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — | — | — | — | (42.6 | ) | (42.6 | ) | (2.5 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends | — | — | — | (541.2 | ) | — | (541.2 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Common stock-based compensation plans activity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares issued upon option exercises | 4,140 | .8 | 148.7 | — | — | 149.5 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Restricted shares withheld for taxes, net of shares issued | (178 | ) | — | (14.0 | ) | — | — | (14.0 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||
Shares issued upon vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes | 409 | .1 | (8.8 | ) | — | — | (8.7 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Forfeiture of restricted awards | (61 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | 161.6 | — | — | 161.6 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Restricted stock units issued as dividend equivalents | — | — | .1 | (.1 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Common shares repurchased | (9,995 | ) | (2.0 | ) | (300.6 | ) | (374.3 | ) | — | (676.9 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||
Net subscriptions into sponsored investment portfolios | 945.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net deconsolidations of sponsored investment portfolios | (967.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balances at December 31, 2016 | 244,784 | $ | 49.0 | $ | 654.5 | $ | 4,293.6 | $ | 11.5 | $ | 5,008.6 | 687.2 | ||||||||||||||
The accompanying summary of significant accounting policies and notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES.
T. Rowe Price Group derives its consolidated revenues and net income primarily from investment advisory services that its subsidiaries provide to individual and institutional investors in the sponsored T. Rowe Price U.S. mutual funds and other investment portfolios. We also provide our investment advisory clients with related administrative services, including distribution, mutual fund transfer agent, accounting and shareholder services; participant recordkeeping and transfer agent services for defined contribution retirement plans; brokerage, and trust services.
Investment advisory revenues depend largely on the total value and composition of assets under our management. Accordingly, fluctuations in financial markets and in the composition of assets under management impact our revenues and results of operations.
BASIS OF PREPARATION.
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared by our management in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. These principles require that we make certain estimates and assumptions. Actual results may vary from our estimates. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2016 presentation.
NEW ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE.
We implemented Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-02—Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis on January 1, 2016, which did not require the restatement of prior-year periods. In connection with the adoption of this guidance, we reevaluated all of our investments for consolidation, including our investments in sponsored investment portfolios. The adoption of the guidance resulted in sponsored investment products regulated outside the U.S. previously accounted for as voting interest entities (VOE) to be evaluated as variable interest entities (VIE) and led to the consolidation of an additional 24 portfolios that were previously accounted for as available-for-sale securities. The adoption also resulted in the consolidation of an additional eight U.S. sponsored investment portfolios that were previously accounted for as available-for-sale securities. The impact to the consolidated balance sheet upon adoption was the consolidation of $1.6 billion of assets, $21.3 million of liabilities, and $672.7 million of redeemable non-controlling interests. We also reclassified $32.5 million in accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. Additional disclosures relating to consolidated voting interest entities and variable interest entities, and the impact the new accounting guidance has had on 2016, are included in Note 5.
We early adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09—Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting on July 1, 2016, which required adjustments to be reflected as of January 1, 2016. The amendments in this update change the accounting for certain aspects of stock-based compensation awards, including the accounting for income taxes upon settlement of awards, the classification of cash flows associated with awards, and the accounting for award forfeitures. Upon implementation, we reduced retained earnings by $9.0 million and increased other assets $3.9 million and additional paid-in capital $12.9 million, respectively. The $9.0 million reduction in retained earnings is related to the reversal of cumulative forfeiture estimates, net of deferred taxes, recognized as we elected to account for forfeitures of stock-based compensation awards going forward as they occur. Lastly, the guidance requires excess tax benefits from share-based compensation awards to be reported as operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows rather than financing activities. As permitted by the guidance, we elected to apply this guidance retrospectively and have reclassified $52.6 million and $24.1 million of excess tax benefits previously disclosed as a financing activity in the statement of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2014, and December 31, 2015, respectively, to operating activities. In 2016, the recognition of net tax benefits on exercised options and vested restricted stock relative to the stock-based compensation expense reduced our income tax provision by $31.6 million. See Note 7 for further details on the impact this guidance had on our effective tax rate.
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CONSOLIDATION.
Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all subsidiaries and sponsored investment portfolios in which we have a controlling interest. We are generally deemed to have a controlling interest when we own the majority of the VOE or are deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE. We perform an analysis of our investments to determine if the investment entity is a VOE or VIE. Our analysis involves judgment and considers several factors, including an entity’s legal organization, capital structure, the rights of the equity investment holders, our ownership interest in the entity, and our contractual involvement with the entity. We continually review and reconsider our VIE or VOE conclusions upon the occurrence of certain events, such as changes to our ownership interest, changes to an entity’s legal structure, or amendments to governing documents. Upon consolidation of sponsored investment portfolios, the Company retains the specialized investment company accounting principles of the underlying funds. All material accounts and transactions between consolidated entities are eliminated in consolidation.
Variable interest entities
VIEs are entities that, by design: (i) lack sufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities independently or (ii) have equity holders that do not have the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, the obligation to absorb the entity’s losses, or the rights to receive the entity’s residual returns. We consolidate a VIE when we are the primary beneficiary, which is the party that has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant. Our Luxembourg-based SICAV funds and other sponsored investment portfolios regulated outside the U.S. were determined to be VIEs.
Along with VIEs that we consolidate, we also hold variable interests in other VIEs, including several investment partnerships that are not consolidated because we are not the primary beneficiary.
Redeemable non-controlling interests
We recognize redeemable non-controlling interests for the portion of the net assets of our consolidated sponsored investment portfolios held by unrelated third-party investors as their interest is convertible to cash and other assets at their option. As such, we reflect redeemable non-controlling interests as temporary equity in our consolidated balance sheets.
Investments in sponsored money market mutual funds
We do not consider our investments in our sponsored money market funds when performing our consolidation analysis as the guidance provides a scope exception for interests in entities that are required to comply with, or operate in accordance with, requirements similar to those in Rule 2a-7 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 for registered money market funds.
CASH EQUIVALENTS.
Cash equivalents consist primarily of short-term, highly liquid investments in our sponsored money market mutual funds. The cost of these funds is equivalent to fair value.
INVESTMENTS.
Available-for-sale sponsored investment portfolios have been made for both general corporate investment purposes and to provide seed capital for newly formed funds. These investments are carried at fair value using the quoted closing net asset value, or NAV, per share of each fund as of the balance sheet date. Changes in net unrealized holding gains or losses on these investments are recognized in other comprehensive income.
We review the carrying amount of each investment on a quarterly basis and recognize an impairment charge in non-operating investment income whenever an unrealized loss is considered other than temporary. In determining whether a fund holding is other-than-temporarily impaired, we consider various factors, including the duration of time it has existed, the severity of the impairment, any subsequent changes in value, and our intent and ability to hold the fund for a period of time sufficient for an anticipated recovery in fair value. Subject to the other considerations noted above, we believe a fund holding with an unrealized loss that has persisted daily throughout the six months between quarter-ends is generally presumed to have an other-than-temporary impairment. We may also recognize an other-than-temporary impairment if particular circumstances of the underlying investment do not warrant our belief that a near-term recovery is possible.
Equity method investments consist of investments in entities, including sponsored portfolios, over which we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee. The carrying values of these investments are adjusted to reflect our proportionate share of the investee's net income or loss, any unrealized gain or loss resulting from the
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translation of foreign-denominated financial statements into U.S. dollars, and dividends received. Our proportionate share of income or loss is included in non-operating income in our consolidated statements of income. As permitted under existing accounting guidance, we adopted a policy by which we recognize our share of UTI Asset Management Company Limited’s (UTI) earnings on a quarter lag as current financial information is not available in a timely manner. The basis difference between our carrying value and our proportionate share of UTI’s book value is primarily related to consideration paid in excess of the stepped-up basis of assets and liabilities on the date of purchase.
Cost method investments consist of investments in entities over which we do not exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee. We evaluate our equity and cost method investments for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the investment exceeds its fair value, and the decline in fair value is other than temporary.
Sponsored investments portfolios held as trading include seed capital investments in mutual funds and separately managed account products. The mutual funds and the underlying investments of the separately managed account products are carried at fair value.
Investments held by our consolidated sponsored investment portfolios are considered trading securities that are carried at fair value with corresponding changes in the investments’ fair values reflected in non-operating income in our consolidated statements of income. These investments are valued in accordance with the valuation and pricing policy used to value our assets under management and further described in the Revenue Recognition section below.
CONCENTRATIONS OF RISK.
Concentration of credit risk in accounts receivable is believed to be minimal in that our clients generally have substantial assets, including those in the investment portfolios that we manage for them.
Our investments in sponsored funds and investments held as trading expose us to market risk, that is, the potential future loss of value that would result from a decline in the fair value of each investment or its underlying net assets. Our underlying holdings of our assets under management are also subject to market risk, which may arise from changes in equity prices, credit ratings, foreign currency exchange rates, and interest rates.
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT.
Property and equipment is stated at cost net of accumulated depreciation and amortization computed using the straight-line method. Provisions for depreciation and amortization are based on the following weighted-average estimated useful lives: computer and communications software and equipment, 3 years; buildings and improvements, 33 years; leasehold improvements, 8 years; furniture and other equipment, 7 years; and leased land, 99 years.
GOODWILL.
We evaluate the carrying amount of goodwill in our consolidated balance sheets for possible impairment on an annual basis in the third quarter of each year using a fair value approach. Our evaluations have indicated that no impairment exists.
We internally conduct, manage, and report our operations as one investment advisory business. We do not have distinct operating segments or components that separately constitute a business. Accordingly, we attribute goodwill to a single reportable business segment and reporting unit—our investment advisory business.
REVENUE RECOGNITION.
Fees for investment advisory services, which are based on a percentage of assets under management, and related administrative services that we provide to investment advisory clients, including our sponsored funds and portfolios, are recognized in the period that our services are provided.
Our assets under management are valued in accordance with a valuation and pricing policy that defines the valuation and pricing processes for each major type of investment held in our sponsored U.S. mutual funds and other client investment portfolios. Fair values used in our processes are primarily determined from quoted market prices; prices furnished by dealers who make markets in such securities; or from data provided by an independent pricing service that considers yield or price of investments of comparable quality, coupon, maturity, and type. Investments for which market prices are not readily available are not a material portion of our total assets under management.
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Distribution and servicing fees earned from 12b-1 plans of the Advisor Class, R Class, and Variable Annuity II Class shares of our sponsored U.S. mutual funds are recognized in the period that they are earned, which is the same period that the related mutual funds recognize their expense. These fees are offset entirely by the distribution and servicing costs paid to third-party financial intermediaries that source the assets of these share classes.
We provide all services to the sponsored U.S. mutual funds under contracts that are subject to periodic review and approval by the funds’ Boards. Regulations require that the funds’ shareholders also approve material changes to investment advisory contracts.
Taxes billed to our clients based on our fees for services rendered are not included in revenues.
ADVERTISING.
Costs of advertising are expensed the first time that the advertising takes place.
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION.
We maintain three stockholder-approved employee long-term incentive plans (2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan, 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, and 2001 Stock Incentive Plan, collectively the LTI Plans) and one stockholder-approved non-employee director plan (2007 Non-Employee Director Equity Plan). We believe that our stock-based compensation programs align the interests of our employees and directors with those of our common stockholders. As of December 31, 2016, a total of 14,490,787 shares were available for future grant under the 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan and the 2007 Non-Employee Director Equity Plan.
Under our LTI Plans, we have issued restricted shares and restricted stock units to employees that settle in shares of our common stock after vesting. Vesting of these awards is based on the individual continuing to render service over an average 5.5-year graded schedule. All restricted shareholders and restricted stock unitholders receive non-forfeitable cash dividends and cash dividend equivalents, respectively, on our dividend payable date.
We grant performance-based restricted stock units to certain executive officers in which the number of restricted stock units ultimately retained is determined based on achievement of certain performance thresholds. The number of restricted stock units retained is also subject to the same time-based vesting requirement as the other restricted shares or restricted stock units described above. Cash dividends and cash dividend equivalents are accrued and paid to the holders of performance-based restricted stock units only after the performance period has lapsed and the performance thresholds have been met.
Under our LTI plans, we have granted qualified incentive and nonqualified fixed stock options with a maximum term of 10 years to employees. Vesting of our employee option grants is based on the individual continuing to render service and generally occurs over an average 5.5-year graded schedule. The exercise price of each option granted is equivalent to the market price of the common stock at the date of grant. We did not grant options to our employees in 2016.
We grant options, with a maximum term of 10 years, restricted shares, and restricted stock units to non-employee directors under the stockholder-approved 2007 Non-Employee Director Plan. These grants vest over six months to one year and, in the case of restricted stock units, are settled upon the non-employee directors’ departure from the Board. Non-employee directors holding restricted shares receive non-forfeitable dividends while restricted stock unitholders are issued non-forfeitable dividend equivalents in the form of vested stock units on our dividend payable date.
We recognize the grant-date fair value of these awards as compensation expense ratably over the awards' requisite service period. The expense recognized prior to 2016 includes an estimate of awards that will be forfeited and considers, in the case of our performance-based restricted shares and units, the probability of the performance thresholds being met. Upon implementation of the new stock-based compensation accounting guidance, we elected to account for forfeitures as they occur. Both time-based and performance-based units are valued on the grant-date using the closing market price of our common stock.
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We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of each option grant as follows:
Weighted-average | |||||||||||
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||
Grant-date fair value per option awarded | $ | 21.12 | $ | 17.35 | $ | 10.62 | |||||
Assumptions used: | |||||||||||
Expected life in years | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.8 | ||||||||
Expected volatility | 30 | % | 27 | % | 20 | % | |||||
Dividend yield | 2.2 | % | 2.4 | % | 2.5 | % | |||||
Risk-free interest rate | 2.2 | % | 1.9 | % | 1.6 | % | |||||
Our expected life assumptions are based on the vesting period for each option grant and our historical experience with respect to the average holding period from vesting to option exercise. The assumptions for expected volatility are based on historical experience for the same periods as our expected lives. Dividend yields are based on recent historical experience and future expectations. Risk-free interest rates are set using grant-date U.S. Treasury yield curves for the same periods as our expected lives.
EARNINGS PER SHARE.
We compute our basic and diluted earnings per share under the two-class method, which considers our outstanding restricted shares and stock units, on which we pay non-forfeitable dividends as if they were a separate class of stock.
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME.
The components of comprehensive income are presented in a separate statement following our consolidated statements of income and include net income, the change in net unrealized security holding gains (losses), and the change in our currency translation adjustments. The currency translation adjustments result from translating our proportionate share of the financial statements of UTI, our equity method investment, and certain consolidated investment portfolios into U.S. dollars. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using year-end exchange rates, and revenues and expenses are translated using weighted-average exchange rates for the period.
The changes in accumulated balances of each component of other comprehensive income, the deferred tax impacts of each component, and information about significant items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income are presented in the notes to the financial statements. The notes also indicate the line item of our consolidated statements of income to which the significant reclassifications were recognized.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 | – CASH EQUIVALENTS. |
Cash equivalent investments in our sponsored money market mutual funds aggregate $997.5 million at December 31, 2015, and $1,052.3 million at December 31, 2016. Dividends earned on these investments in each of the last three years were immaterial.
NOTE 2 | – INFORMATION ABOUT RECEIVABLES, REVENUES, AND SERVICES. |
Accounts receivable from our sponsored investment portfolios, including our U.S. mutual funds, for advisory fees and advisory-related administrative services aggregate $287.1 million at December 31, 2015, and $303.1 million at December 31, 2016.
Revenues (in millions) from advisory services provided under agreements with our sponsored mutual funds and other investment clients include:
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||
Sponsored U.S. mutual funds | |||||||||||
Stock and blended asset | $ | 2,086.0 | $ | 2,241.9 | $ | 2,228.1 | |||||
Bond and money market | 399.8 | 426.0 | 477.3 | ||||||||
2,485.8 | 2,667.9 | 2,705.4 | |||||||||
Other investment portfolios | |||||||||||
Stock and blended asset | 824.5 | 862.2 | 850.3 | ||||||||
Bond, money market, and stable value | 154.2 | 157.2 | 173.0 | ||||||||
978.7 | 1,019.4 | 1,023.3 | |||||||||
Total | $ | 3,464.5 | $ | 3,687.3 | $ | 3,728.7 | |||||
Other investment portfolios include advisory revenues of $313.4 million, $367.8 million, and $386.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively, that were earned on other sponsored investment portfolios.
We voluntarily waived $58.4 million, $47.6 million, and $10.5 million in money market related fees, including advisory fees and fund expenses, during the year ended December 31, 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively, in order to maintain a positive yield for investors.
The following table summarizes the investment portfolios and assets under management (in billions) on which we earn advisory fees.
Average during | As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||
Sponsored U.S. mutual funds | |||||||||||||||||||
Stock and blended asset | $ | 359.3 | $ | 387.8 | $ | 386.1 | $ | 383.0 | $ | 401.3 | |||||||||
Bond and money market | 101.6 | 105.8 | 109.4 | 104.1 | 112.9 | ||||||||||||||
460.9 | 493.6 | 495.5 | 487.1 | 514.2 | |||||||||||||||
Other investment portfolios | |||||||||||||||||||
Stock and blended asset | 201.6 | 210.3 | 211.1 | 209.8 | 220.8 | ||||||||||||||
Bond, money market, and stable value | 62.2 | 64.0 | 71.6 | 66.2 | 75.8 | ||||||||||||||
263.8 | 274.3 | 282.7 | 276.0 | 296.6 | |||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 724.7 | $ | 767.9 | $ | 778.2 | $ | 763.1 | $ | 810.8 | |||||||||
Investors that we serve are primarily domiciled in the U.S.; investment advisory clients outside the U.S. account for 4.9% and 4.7% of our assets under management at December 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively.
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The following table summarizes the other fees (in millions) earned from our sponsored U.S. mutual funds.
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||
Administrative fees | $ | 296.1 | $ | 292.8 | $ | 277.3 | |||||
Distribution and servicing fees | $ | 143.6 | $ | 151.5 | $ | 141.7 | |||||
NOTE 3 – INVESTMENTS.
The carrying values of investments (in millions) we do not consolidate at December 31 are as follows:
2015 | 2016 | ||||||
Available-for-sale sponsored investment portfolios | $ | 1,612.3 | $ | 709.0 | |||
Equity method investments | |||||||
Sponsored investment portfolios | 113.7 | 252.3 | |||||
26% interest in UTI Asset Management Company Limited (India) | 132.8 | 140.9 | |||||
Investment partnerships | 6.2 | 5.3 | |||||
Sponsored investment portfolios held as trading | 25.8 | 75.4 | |||||
Cost method investments | 69.4 | 73.6 | |||||
U.S. Treasury note | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
Total | $ | 1,961.2 | $ | 1,257.5 | |||
In connection with the adoption of the new consolidation accounting guidance on January 1, 2016, we reevaluated all of our investments for consolidation, including our investments in sponsored investment portfolios. We determined that our interests in a number of our available-for-sale holdings held at December 31, 2015, were deemed controlling interests under the new accounting standard and resulted in these sponsored investment portfolios being consolidated on January 1, 2016.
During 2015 and 2016, certain sponsored investment portfolios in which we provided initial seed capital at the time of formation were deconsolidated, as we no longer had a controlling interest. The impact of deconsolidating certain sponsored investment portfolios on our consolidated statements of income during 2015 and 2016 was a loss of $5.8 million and a gain of $2.2 million, respectively. These losses and gains were the result of reclassifying currency translation adjustments accumulated on sponsored investment portfolios’ with non-USD functional currencies from accumulated other comprehensive income to non-operating income. Depending on our ownership interest, we are now reporting our residual interests of $338.2 million, which is value on the date of deconsolidation or consolidation, in these sponsored investment portfolios as either equity method or available-for-sale investments.
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE SPONSORED INVESTMENT PORTFOLIOS.
The available-for-sale sponsored investment portfolios (in millions) include:
Aggregate cost | Unrealized holding | Aggregate fair value | |||||||||||||
gains | losses | ||||||||||||||
December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||
Stock and blended asset funds | $ | 428.6 | $ | 180.3 | $ | (9.1 | ) | $ | 599.8 | ||||||
Bond funds | 990.5 | 39.1 | (17.1 | ) | 1,012.5 | ||||||||||
Total | $ | 1,419.1 | $ | 219.4 | $ | (26.2 | ) | $ | 1,612.3 | ||||||
December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||
Stock and blended asset funds | $ | 162.9 | $ | 88.0 | $ | (1.9 | ) | $ | 249.0 | ||||||
Bond funds | 463.3 | 1.7 | (5.0 | ) | 460.0 | ||||||||||
Total | $ | 626.2 | $ | 89.7 | $ | (6.9 | ) | $ | 709.0 | ||||||
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The following table details the number of holdings, the unrealized holding losses, and the aggregate fair value of available-for-sale sponsored investment portfolios with unrealized losses categorized by the length of time they have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:
Number of holdings | Unrealized holding losses | Aggregate fair value | ||||||||
December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
Less than 12 months | 18 | $ | (15.8 | ) | $ | 419.6 | ||||
12 months or more | 4 | (10.4 | ) | 298.6 | ||||||
Total | 22 | $ | (26.2 | ) | $ | 718.2 | ||||
December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||
Less than 12 months | 8 | $ | (4.2 | ) | $ | 328.1 | ||||
12 months or more | 2 | (2.7 | ) | 169.5 | ||||||
Total | 10 | $ | (6.9 | ) | $ | 497.6 | ||||
In addition to the duration of the impairments, we reviewed the severity of the impairment as well as our intent and ability to hold the investments for a period of time sufficient for an anticipated recovery in fair value. Accordingly, these impaired investment holdings are considered temporary at December 31, 2015 and 2016.
Dividends, excluding capital gain distributions, earned on available-for-sale sponsored investment portfolios totaled $14.7 million in 2014, $18.1 million in 2015, and $8.7 million in 2016.
VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES.
Our investments at December 31, 2016, include $149.2 million of investments in variable interest entities that we do not consolidate as we are not deemed the primary beneficiary. Our maximum risk of loss (in millions) related to our involvement with these entities at December 31, 2016, is as follows:
Investment carrying values | $ | 149.2 | |
Unfunded capital commitments | 46.4 | ||
Uncollected investment advisory and administrative fees | 5.9 | ||
$ | 201.5 | ||
The unfunded capital commitments totaling $46.4 million relate primarily to investment partnerships in which we have an existing investment. In addition to such amounts, a percentage of prior distributions may be called under certain circumstances.
NOTE 4 | – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS. |
We determine the fair value of our cash equivalents and certain investments using the following broad levels of inputs as defined by related accounting standards:
Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical securities.
Level 2 – observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices including, but not limited to, quoted prices for similar securities, interest rates, prepayment speeds, and credit risk. These inputs are based on market data obtained from independent sources.
Level 3 – unobservable inputs reflecting our own assumptions based on the best information available. We do not value any investments using Level 3 inputs.
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These levels are not necessarily an indication of the risk or liquidity associated with our investments. There have been no transfers between the levels. The following table summarizes our investments (in millions) that are recognized in our consolidated balance sheets using fair value measurements determined based on the differing levels of inputs.
Level 1 | Level 2 | ||||||
2015 | |||||||
Cash equivalents | $ | 997.5 | $ | — | |||
Available-for-sale sponsored investment portfolios | 1,612.3 | — | |||||
Sponsored investment portfolios held as trading | 25.8 | — | |||||
Total | $ | 2,635.6 | $ | — | |||
2016 | |||||||
Cash equivalents | $ | 1,052.3 | $ | — | |||
Available-for-sale sponsored investment portfolios | 709.0 | — | |||||
Sponsored investment portfolios held as trading | 60.3 | 15.1 | |||||
Total | $ | 1,821.6 | $ | 15.1 | |||
NOTE 5 – CONSOLIDATED SPONSORED INVESTMENT PORTFOLIOS.
The sponsored investment portfolios that we consolidate in our consolidated financial statements are generally those products we provided initial seed capital at the time of their formation and have a controlling interest. Our U.S. sponsored investment portfolios are considered voting interest entities, while those regulated outside the U.S. are considered variable interest entities.
The following table details the net assets of the consolidated sponsored investment portfolios at December 31, 2016.
Voting interest entities | Variable interest entities | Total | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 10.3 | $ | 55.3 | $ | 65.6 | |||||
Investments | 219.3 | 1,340.6 | 1,559.9 | ||||||||
Other assets | 4.8 | 50.2 | 55.0 | ||||||||
Total assets | 234.4 | 1,446.1 | 1,680.5 | ||||||||
Liabilities | 8.8 | 56.8 | 65.6 | ||||||||
Net assets | $ | 225.6 | $ | 1,389.3 | $ | 1,614.9 | |||||
Attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | $ | 69.5 | $ | 617.7 | $ | 687.2 | |||||
Attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | 156.1 | 771.6 | 927.7 | ||||||||
$ | 225.6 | $ | 1,389.3 | $ | 1,614.9 | ||||||
Although we can redeem our net interest in these sponsored investment portfolios at any time, we cannot directly access or sell the assets held by the portfolios to obtain cash for general operations. Additionally, the assets of these investment portfolios are not available to our general creditors.
Since third-party investors in these investment funds have no recourse to our credit, our overall risk related to the net assets of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios is limited to valuation changes associated with our net interest. We, however, are required to recognize the valuation changes associated with all underlying investments held by these portfolios in our consolidated statements of income and disclose the portion attributable to third-party investors as net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests.
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The operating results (in millions) of the consolidated sponsored investment portfolios for the year ended December 31, 2016, are reflected in our consolidated statements of income as follows:
Year ended 12/31/2016 | |||||||||||
Voting interest entities | Variable interest entities | Total | |||||||||
Operating expenses reflected in net operating income | $ | (1.6 | ) | $ | (11.4 | ) | $ | (13.0 | ) | ||
Net investment income reflected in non-operating income | 22.5 | 98.6 | 121.1 | ||||||||
Impact on income before taxes | $ | 20.9 | $ | 87.2 | $ | 108.1 | |||||
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 15.0 | $ | 54.1 | $ | 69.1 | |||||
Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | 5.9 | 33.1 | 39.0 | ||||||||
$ | 20.9 | $ | 87.2 | $ | 108.1 | ||||||
The operating expenses of these consolidated portfolios are reflected in other operating expenses. For the year ended December 31, 2016, we eliminated $6.5 million of these expenses against our investment advisory and administrative fees earned in preparing our consolidated financial statements. The net investment income reflected in non-operating income includes dividend and interest income and realized and unrealized gains and losses on the underlying securities held by the consolidated sponsored investment portfolios.
The table below details the impact of these consolidated investment portfolios on the individual lines of our consolidated statement of cash flows (in millions) for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Year ended 12/31/2016 | |||||||||||
Voting interest entities | Variable interest entities | Total | |||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | (80.1 | ) | $ | (1,086.5 | ) | $ | (1,166.6 | ) | ||
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 21.6 | 19.8 | 41.4 | ||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 68.8 | 1,124.1 | 1,192.9 | ||||||||
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | — | (2.1 | ) | (2.1 | ) | ||||||
Net change in cash and cash equivalents during period | 10.3 | 55.3 | 65.6 | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | — | — | — | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 10.3 | $ | 55.3 | $ | 65.6 | |||||
The net cash provided by (used in) financing activities during 2016 includes $277.9 million of net subscriptions we made into the consolidated sponsored investment portfolios, net of dividends received. These cash flows were eliminated in consolidation.
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS.
We determine the fair value of investments held by consolidated sponsored investment portfolios using the following broad levels of inputs as defined by related accounting standards:
Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical securities.
Level 2 – observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices including, but not limited to, quoted prices for similar securities, interest rates, prepayment speeds, and credit risk. These inputs are based on market data obtained from independent sources.
Level 3 – unobservable inputs reflecting our own assumptions based on the best information available. We do not value any
investments using Level 3 inputs.
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These levels are not necessarily an indication of the risk or liquidity associated with these investment holdings. There have been no material transfers between the levels. The following table summarizes the investment holdings held by our consolidated sponsored investment portfolios (in millions) using fair value measurements determined based on the differing levels of inputs.
Level 1 | Level 2 | ||||||
December 31, 2015 | |||||||
Assets | |||||||
Equity securities | $ | 2.8 | $ | 11.2 | |||
Fixed income securities | — | 43.0 | |||||
Other investments | .7 | — | |||||
$ | 3.5 | $ | 54.2 | ||||
December 31, 2016 | |||||||
Assets | |||||||
Cash equivalents | $ | 8.8 | $ | .8 | |||
Equity securities | 281.8 | 325.3 | |||||
Fixed income securities | — | 918.1 | |||||
Other investments | .4 | 34.3 | |||||
$ | 291.0 | $ | 1,278.5 | ||||
Liabilities | $ | (.6 | ) | $ | (13.6 | ) | |
NOTE 6 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT.
Property and equipment (in millions) at December 31 consists of:
2015 | 2016 | ||||||
Computer and communications software and equipment | $ | 610.8 | $ | 704.0 | |||
Buildings and improvements | 415.1 | 422.0 | |||||
Leasehold improvements | 98.7 | 108.2 | |||||
Furniture and other equipment | 145.9 | 158.3 | |||||
Land | 40.3 | 40.3 | |||||
Leased land | 2.7 | 2.7 | |||||
1,313.5 | 1,435.5 | ||||||
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | 706.4 | 820.4 | |||||
Total | $ | 607.1 | $ | 615.1 | |||
Compensation and related costs attributable to the development of computer software for internal use totaling $19.6 million in 2014, $22.3 million in 2015, and $28.9 million in 2016 have been capitalized.
We occupy certain office facilities and lease computer and other equipment under noncancelable operating leases. Related rental expense was $29.3 million in 2014, $31.1 million in 2015, and $32.8 million in 2016. Future minimum payments under these leases aggregate $29.1 million in 2017, $32.0 million in 2018, $31.4 million in 2019, $27.9 million in 2020, $26.2 million in 2021, and $115.1 million in later years.
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NOTE 7 | – INCOME TAXES. |
The provision for income taxes (in millions) consists of:
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||
Current income taxes | |||||||||||
U.S. federal | $ | 635.8 | $ | 669.5 | $ | 573.7 | |||||
State and local | 126.8 | 134.3 | 105.8 | ||||||||
Foreign | 16.3 | 18.9 | 13.5 | ||||||||
Deferred income taxes (tax benefits) | (5.4 | ) | (43.3 | ) | 13.5 | ||||||
Total | $ | 773.5 | $ | 779.4 | $ | 706.5 | |||||
Deferred income taxes and benefits arise from temporary differences between taxable income for financial statement and income tax return purposes. The deferred income taxes (tax benefits) recognized as part of our provision for income taxes is related to:
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||
Property and equipment | $ | 2.0 | $ | (2.3 | ) | $ | 3.2 | ||||
Stock-based compensation | (11.2 | ) | (14.6 | ) | 1.3 | ||||||
Accrued compensation | (.1 | ) | (.9 | ) | (1.7 | ) | |||||
Supplemental savings plan liability | — | (27.4 | ) | (30.9 | ) | ||||||
Other-than-temporary impairments of available-for-sale investments | 4.7 | (.4 | ) | 10.0 | |||||||
Unrealized holding gains recognized in non-operating income | (5.2 | ) | (2.4 | ) | 31.6 | ||||||
Other | 4.4 | 4.7 | — | ||||||||
Total deferred income taxes (tax benefits) | $ | (5.4 | ) | $ | (43.3 | ) | $ | 13.5 | |||
The following table reconciles the statutory federal income tax rate to our effective income tax rate.
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||||||
Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate | 35.0 | % | 35.0 | % | 35.0 | % | ||
State income taxes for current year, net of federal income tax benefits | 4.0 | 4.3 | 3.8 | |||||
Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | — | — | (.7 | ) | ||||
Net excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation plans activity | — | — | (1.7 | ) | ||||
Other items | (.4 | ) | (.4 | ) | (.4 | ) | ||
Effective income tax rate | 38.6 | % | 38.9 | % | 36.0 | % | ||
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The net deferred tax assets (in millions) recognized in our consolidated balance sheets in other assets relate to the following:
December 31, | |||||||
2015 | 2016 | ||||||
Deferred tax liabilities | |||||||
Property and equipment | $ | (36.0 | ) | $ | (39.2 | ) | |
Net unrealized holding gains recognized in income(1) | — | (43.2 | ) | ||||
Net unrealized holding gains on available-for-sale portfolio(1) | (74.2 | ) | (33.4 | ) | |||
Other | (26.3 | ) | (27.5 | ) | |||
(136.5 | ) | (143.3 | ) | ||||
Deferred tax assets | |||||||
Stock-based compensation(2) | 162.5 | 165.1 | |||||
Other-than-temporary impairments of investments in sponsored funds | 26.1 | 16.1 | |||||
Accrued compensation | 3.9 | 5.6 | |||||
Supplemental savings plan | 27.4 | 58.3 | |||||
Currency translation adjustment(1) | 18.3 | 23.0 | |||||
Other | 12.1 | 7.7 | |||||
250.3 | 275.8 | ||||||
Net deferred tax asset | $ | 113.8 | $ | 132.5 | |||
(1)Upon adoption of ASU 2015-2 on January 1, 2016, $17.0 million of deferred tax liabilities associated with unrealized holding gains on our available-for-sale portfolio and $.3 million of deferred tax assets associated with currency translation adjustments were reclassified to deferred tax liabilities associated with unrealized holding gains recognized in income as the related sponsored investment portfolios are now consolidated and underlying investments are accounted for as trading investments.
(2)Upon adoption of ASU 2016-9 on January 1, 2016, we elected to account for forfeitures of stock-based compensation awards as they occur; therefore, the related deferred tax asset was increased $3.9 million for the cumulative effect adjustment recognized upon implementation of the new guidance.
A deferred tax liability for unremitted earnings of our foreign subsidiaries has not been recognized, as it is our intention to indefinitely reinvest these earnings outside the U.S. The unremitted earnings of these subsidiaries are estimated to be $464 million at December 31, 2016. If these earnings were distributed to the U.S. in the form of dividends or otherwise, or if any of the entities were sold or otherwise transferred, we would be subject to U.S. income taxes, less any foreign tax credits. Determination of the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these earnings is not practicable.
Other assets include tax refund receivables of $2.4 million at December 31, 2015, and $8.1 million at December 31, 2016.
Cash outflows from operating activities include net income taxes paid of $763.7 million in 2014, $778.6 million in 2015, and $680.6 million in 2016.
Additional income tax benefits of $53.4 million in 2014 and $23.2 million in 2015 arising from stock-based compensation plans activity reduced the amount of income taxes that would have otherwise been payable. The additional income tax benefits related to stock-based compensation in 2016 totaled $31.6 million and were recognized in the income tax provision.
The following table summarizes the changes in our unrecognized tax benefits (in millions).
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 4.8 | $ | 5.6 | $ | 5.8 | |||||
Changes in tax positions related to | |||||||||||
Current year | 1.0 | .7 | .6 | ||||||||
Prior years | (.2 | ) | 1.8 | — | |||||||
Expired statute of limitations | — | (2.3 | ) | (.2 | ) | ||||||
Balance at end of year | $ | 5.6 | $ | 5.8 | $ | 6.2 | |||||
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If recognized, these tax benefits would affect our effective tax rate; however, we do not expect that unrecognized tax benefits for tax positions taken with respect to 2016 and prior years will significantly change in 2017. The U.S. has concluded examinations related to federal tax obligations through the year 2015. A net interest payable related to our unrecognized tax benefits of $.9 million at December 31, 2015, and $1.2 million at December 31, 2016, are recognized in our consolidated balance sheets. Our accounting policy with respect to interest and penalties arising from income tax settlements is to recognize them as part of our provision for income taxes. Interest recognized as part of our provision for income taxes was not material.
NOTE 8 | – STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY. |
SHARE REPURCHASES.
The Board of Directors has authorized the future repurchase of up to 21,796,197 common shares as of December 31, 2016.
DIVIDENDS.
Regular cash dividends declared per share were $1.76 in 2014, $2.08 in 2015, and $2.16 in 2016. A $2.00 per share special dividend was also declared and paid during 2015.
RESTRICTED CAPITAL.
Our consolidated stockholders' equity at December 31, 2016, includes about $120 million that is restricted as to use by various regulations and agreements arising in the ordinary course of our business.
NOTE 9 | – STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION. |
SHARES AUTHORIZED FOR STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PROGRAMS.
At December 31, 2016, a total of 43,550,967 shares of unissued common stock were authorized for issuance under our stock-based compensation plans. Additionally, a total of 561,646 shares are authorized for issuance under a plan whereby substantially all employees may acquire common stock through payroll deductions at prevailing market prices.
STOCK OPTIONS.
The following table summarizes the status of and changes in our stock option grants during 2016.
Options | Weighted- average exercise price | Weighted-average remaining contractual term in years | ||||||
Outstanding at December 31, 2015 | 30,818,229 | $ | 59.24 | |||||
Non-employee director grants | 26,100 | $ | 69.56 | |||||
Exercised | (5,943,654 | ) | $ | 47.21 | ||||
Forfeited | (497,671 | ) | $ | 72.26 | ||||
Expired | (38,682 | ) | $ | 74.26 | ||||
Outstanding at December 31, 2016 | 24,364,322 | $ | 61.90 | 5.1 | ||||
Exercisable at December 31, 2016 | 17,528,991 | $ | 57.17 | 4.2 | ||||
Compensation and related costs includes a charge for stock option-based compensation expense of $63.4 million in 2014, $63.7 million in 2015, and $44.9 million in 2016.
The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $196.5 million in 2014, $108.1 million in 2015, and $150.5 million in 2016. At December 31, 2016, the aggregate intrinsic value of in-the-money options outstanding was $345.9 million, including $323.4 million related to options exercisable.
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RESTRICTED SHARES AND STOCK UNITS.
The following table summarizes the status of and changes in our nonvested restricted shares and restricted stock units during 2016.
Restricted shares | Restricted stock units | Weighted- average fair value | |||||||
Nonvested at December 31, 2015 | 1,470,827 | 2,216,431 | $ | 74.66 | |||||
Time-based grants | 5,200 | 2,795,029 | $ | 69.66 | |||||
Performance-based grants | — | 259,312 | $ | 69.94 | |||||
Vested (value at vest date was $76.7 million) | (483,481 | ) | (524,233 | ) | $ | 73.18 | |||
Forfeited | (61,038 | ) | (112,078 | ) | $ | 74.54 | |||
Nonvested at December 31, 2016 | 931,508 | 4,634,461 | $ | 72.19 | |||||
The nonvested at December 31, 2016, includes 14,400 performance-based restricted shares and 403,448 performance-based restricted stock units. These nonvested performance-based restricted shares and units include 14,400 shares and 116,865 units for which the performance period has lapsed and the performance threshold has been met.
Compensation and related costs includes expenses for restricted shares and restricted stock units of $70.0 million in 2014, $85.3 million in 2015, and $116.7 million in 2016.
At December 31, 2016, non-employee directors held 61,397 vested stock units that will convert to common shares upon their separation from the Board.
FUTURE STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE.
The following table presents the compensation expense (in millions) to be recognized over the remaining vesting periods of the stock-based awards outstanding at December 31, 2016. Estimated future compensation expense will change to reflect future option grants, future awards of unrestricted shares and restricted stock units, changes in the probability of performance thresholds being met, and adjustments for actual forfeitures.
First quarter 2017 | $ | 37.5 | |
Second quarter 2017 | 37.5 | ||
Third quarter 2017 | 37.6 | ||
Fourth quarter 2017 | 33.6 | ||
Total 2017 | 146.2 | ||
2018 through 2021 | 157.5 | ||
Total | $ | 303.7 | |
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NOTE 10 | – EARNINGS PER SHARE CALCULATIONS. |
The following table presents the reconciliation (in millions) of net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group to net income allocated to our common stockholders and the weighted-average shares (in millions) that are used in calculating the basic and diluted earnings per share on our common stock. Weighted-average common shares outstanding assuming dilution reflect the potential dilution, determined using the treasury stock method, that could occur if outstanding stock options were exercised and non-participating stock awards vested.
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||
Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | $ | 1,229.6 | $ | 1,223.0 | $ | 1,215.0 | |||||
Less: net income allocated to outstanding restricted stock and stock unit holders | 14.2 | 16.1 | 25.5 | ||||||||
Net income allocated to common stockholders | $ | 1,215.4 | $ | 1,206.9 | $ | 1,189.5 | |||||
Weighted-average common shares | |||||||||||
Outstanding | 259.6 | 254.6 | 245.5 | ||||||||
Outstanding assuming dilution | 267.4 | 260.9 | 250.3 | ||||||||
The following table shows the weighted-average outstanding stock options (in millions) that are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per common share as the inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive.
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||||||
Weighted-average outstanding stock options excluded | 3.8 | 6.4 | 9.9 | |||||
NOTE 11 | – OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME AND ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME. |
The following table presents the deferred tax benefits (income taxes) impact of the components (in millions) of other comprehensive income.
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||
Deferred tax benefits (income taxes) on: | |||||||||||
Net unrealized holding gains or losses | $ | .8 | $ | 5.1 | $ | .6 | |||||
Reclassification adjustments recognized in the provision for income taxes: | |||||||||||
Capital gain distributions | 11.9 | 7.9 | 2.4 | ||||||||
Net gains realized on dispositions | 18.8 | 20.7 | 20.9 | ||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairments | — | (1.9 | ) | — | |||||||
Net deferred tax benefits (income taxes) on net unrealized holding gains or losses recognized in other comprehensive income | 31.5 | 31.8 | 23.9 | ||||||||
Currency translation adjustments | .7 | 3.8 | 3.5 | ||||||||
Reclassification adjustment recognized in the provision for income taxes upon deconsolidation of sponsored fund subsidiary | $ | — | $ | (1.2 | ) | $ | .8 | ||||
Total deferred tax benefits (income taxes) on currency translation adjustments | $ | .7 | $ | 2.6 | $ | 4.3 | |||||
Total deferred tax benefits (income taxes) | $ | 32.2 | $ | 34.4 | $ | 28.2 | |||||
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The changes (in millions) in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income for each year ended December 31 are presented below.
Currency translation adjustments | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized holding gains | Equity method investments | Consolidated sponsored investment portfolios - variable interest entities | Total currency translation adjustments | Total | ||||||||||||||||
Balances at December 31, 2013 | $ | 216.3 | $ | (26.9 | ) | $ | (1.1 | ) | $ | (28.0 | ) | $ | 188.3 | |||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications and income taxes | (1.9 | ) | 1.8 | (3.6 | ) | (1.8 | ) | (3.7 | ) | |||||||||||
Reclassification adjustments recognized in non-operating investment income | (80.4 | ) | — | — | — | (80.4 | ) | |||||||||||||
(82.3 | ) | 1.8 | (3.6 | ) | (1.8 | ) | (84.1 | ) | ||||||||||||
Deferred tax benefits (income taxes) | 31.5 | (.6 | ) | 1.3 | .7 | 32.2 | ||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (50.8 | ) | 1.2 | (2.3 | ) | (1.1 | ) | (51.9 | ) | |||||||||||
Balances at December 31, 2014 | 165.5 | (25.7 | ) | (3.4 | ) | (29.1 | ) | 136.4 | ||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications and income taxes | (4.5 | ) | (8.1 | ) | (4.9 | ) | (13.0 | ) | (17.5 | ) | ||||||||||
Reclassification adjustments recognized in non-operating investment income | (72.5 | ) | — | 5.8 | 5.8 | (66.7 | ) | |||||||||||||
(77.0 | ) | (8.1 | ) | .9 | (7.2 | ) | (84.2 | ) | ||||||||||||
Deferred tax benefits (income taxes) | 31.8 | 2.9 | (.3 | ) | 2.6 | 34.4 | ||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (45.2 | ) | (5.2 | ) | .6 | (4.6 | ) | (49.8 | ) | |||||||||||
Balances at December 31, 2015 | 120.3 | (30.9 | ) | (2.8 | ) | (33.7 | ) | 86.6 | ||||||||||||
Reclassification of accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings upon adoption of the new consolidation accounting guidance | (32.0 | ) | (.5 | ) | — | (.5 | ) | (32.5 | ) | |||||||||||
Balance at January 1, 2016 | 88.3 | (31.4 | ) | (2.8 | ) | (34.2 | ) | 54.1 | ||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications and income taxes | (7.0 | ) | (1.6 | ) | (7.0 | ) | (8.6 | ) | (15.6 | ) | ||||||||||
Reclassification adjustments recognized in non-operating investment income | (53.0 | ) | — | (2.2 | ) | (2.2 | ) | (55.2 | ) | |||||||||||
(60.0 | ) | (1.6 | ) | (9.2 | ) | (10.8 | ) | (70.8 | ) | |||||||||||
Deferred tax benefits (income taxes) | 23.9 | .7 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 28.2 | |||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (36.1 | ) | (.9 | ) | (5.6 | ) | (6.5 | ) | (42.6 | ) | ||||||||||
Balances at December 31, 2016 | $ | 52.2 | $ | (32.3 | ) | $ | (8.4 | ) | $ | (40.7 | ) | $ | 11.5 | |||||||
NOTE 12 – DELL APPRAISAL RIGHTS MATTER.
In 2016, we paid $166.2 million to compensate certain T. Rowe Price mutual funds, trusts, separately managed accounts, and subadvised clients (collectively, “Clients”) for the denial of their appraisal rights by the Delaware Chancery Court (Court) in connection with the 2013 leveraged buyout of Dell, Inc. (Dell).
The Court ruled on May 11, 2016, that the Clients could not pursue an appraisal of any shares they held that were voted in favor of the Dell merger. The appraisal statute governing the transaction required the record holder to vote against or abstain from voting on the transaction in order to assert appraisal rights. After previously voting against prior transaction proposals, the voting instructions submitted on behalf of the Clients in connection with voting on the final proposed transaction were incorrectly submitted in favor of the transaction. On May 31, 2016, the Court determined that the fair value of Dell at the time of the merger was $17.62 per share, as opposed to the $13.75 price offered in the transaction. As a result, any shareholder perfecting appraisal rights is entitled to a payment at $17.62 per share plus statutory interest from the date the Dell transaction closed. The compensation to Clients was intended to make them whole for the voting discrepancy that resulted in the denial of their appraisal rights.
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On December 30, 2016, we signed a settlement agreement with our insurance carrier for insurance proceeds totaling $100.0 million related to this matter. We recognized the proceeds as a reduction to the $166.2 million nonrecurring charge that we previously recognized during 2016 and have included a receivable for the proceeds in other assets at December 31, 2016. We received the insurance proceeds on January 24, 2017. Remaining insurance claims filed with respect to this matter that could result in an additional recovery of up to $50 million are still pending.
NOTE 13 | – OTHER DISCLOSURES. |
CONTINGENCIES.
From time to time, various claims against us arise in the ordinary course of business, including employment-related claims. In the opinion of management, after consultation with counsel, the likelihood that an adverse determination in one or more pending claims would have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations is remote.
RETIREMENT PLANS.
Compensation and related costs includes expense recognized for our defined contribution retirement plans of $70.6 million in 2014, $74.9 million in 2015, and $80.7 million in 2016.
SUPPLEMENTAL SAVINGS PLAN.
The Supplemental Savings Plan, effective January 1, 2015, provides certain senior officers the opportunity to defer receipt of up to 100% of their cash incentive compensation earned for a respective calendar year during which services are provided. The amounts deferred are adjusted in accordance with the hypothetical investments chosen by the officer from a list of mutual funds. The officer can initially defer these amounts for a period of two to 15 years. For the year-ended December 31, 2015 and 2016, senior officers elected to defer $72.8 million and $83.4 million, respectively.
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NOTE 14 – SUPPLEMENTARY CONSOLIDATING CASH FLOW SCHEDULE.
The following table summarizes the cash flows (in millions) for the year ended December 31, 2016, that are attributable to T. Rowe Price Group, our consolidated sponsored investment portfolios, and the related eliminations required in preparing the statement.
Year ended 12/31/2016 | |||||||||||||||||||
As reported for the year ended 12/31/2015 | Cash flow attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | Cash flow attributable to consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | Eliminations | As reported on statement of cash flows | |||||||||||||||
Cash flows from operating activities | |||||||||||||||||||
Net income | $ | 1,223.0 | $ | 1,215.0 | $ | 108.1 | $ | (69.1 | ) | $ | 1,254.0 | ||||||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | |||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment | 126.3 | 133.4 | — | — | 133.4 | ||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | 149.0 | 161.6 | — | — | 161.6 | ||||||||||||||
Realized gains on dispositions of available-for-sale sponsored investment portfolios | (56.5 | ) | (53.0 | ) | — | — | (53.0 | ) | |||||||||||
Net gains recognized on investments | (5.9 | ) | (100.1 | ) | — | 69.1 | (31.0 | ) | |||||||||||
Net change in trading securities held by consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | (7.5 | ) | — | (1,297.9 | ) | — | (1,297.9 | ) | |||||||||||
Other changes in assets and liabilities | 102.1 | (13.2 | ) | 23.2 | (6.6 | ) | 3.4 | ||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 1,530.5 | 1,343.7 | (1,166.6 | ) | (6.6 | ) | 170.5 | ||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 109.0 | (219.7 | ) | 41.4 | 284.5 | 106.2 | |||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (1,973.3 | ) | (1,091.4 | ) | 1,192.9 | (277.9 | ) | (176.4 | ) | ||||||||||
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents of consolidated sponsored investment portfolios | — | — | (2.1 | ) | — | (2.1 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net change in cash and cash equivalents during period | (333.8 | ) | 32.6 | $ | 65.6 | — | 98.2 | ||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 1,506.1 | 1,172.3 | $ | — | — | 1,172.3 | |||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 1,172.3 | $ | 1,204.9 | $ | 65.6 | $ | — | $ | 1,270.5 | |||||||||
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NOTE 15 | – SUPPLEMENTARY QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (Unaudited). |
Net revenues | Net income | Net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group | Basic earnings on common stock(1) | Diluted earnings on common stock(1) | ||||||||||||||
(in millions) | (per share) | |||||||||||||||||
2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
1st quarter | $ | 1,027.0 | $ | 309.5 | $ | 309.5 | $ | 1.16 | $ | 1.13 | ||||||||
2nd quarter | $ | 1,072.4 | $ | 333.2 | $ | 333.2 | $ | 1.28 | $ | 1.24 | ||||||||
3rd quarter | $ | 1,049.0 | $ | 277.1 | $ | 277.1 | $ | 1.08 | $ | 1.06 | ||||||||
4th quarter | $ | 1,052.2 | $ | 303.2 | $ | 303.2 | $ | 1.20 | $ | 1.17 | ||||||||
2016(2) | ||||||||||||||||||
1st quarter(3) | $ | 994.1 | $ | 313.3 | $ | 304.1 | $ | 1.21 | $ | 1.18 | ||||||||
2nd quarter(3) | $ | 1,044.7 | $ | 211.2 | $ | 203.3 | $ | .81 | $ | .79 | ||||||||
3rd quarter | $ | 1,092.9 | $ | 362.7 | $ | 327.8 | $ | 1.30 | $ | 1.28 | ||||||||
4th quarter | $ | 1,091.2 | $ | 366.8 | $ | 379.8 | $ | 1.53 | $ | 1.50 | ||||||||
(1)The sums of quarterly earnings per share do not equal annual earnings per share because the computations are done independently.
(2) The second quarter of 2016 includes a nonrecurring operating charge of $166.2 million, or $.39 in diluted earnings per share, related to our decision to compensate certain clients in regard to the Dell appraisal rights matter. In the fourth quarter of 2016, we recognized an offset to this charge for a related insurance recovery of $100 million, or $.24 in diluted earnings per share. For more details related to the Dell appraisal rights matter, see Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements.
(3)Net income, net income attributable to T. Rowe Price Group, and earnings per share data have been restated for the early adoption of ASU 2016-9 Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. See the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to the consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this filing for more information related to the impact of this new guidance.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and subsidiaries (“the Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated February 7, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Baltimore, Maryland
February 7, 2017
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Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. |
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2016. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive and principal financial officers have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2016, are effective at the reasonable assurance level to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including our Form 10-K annual report, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, has evaluated any change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2016, and has concluded that there was no change during the fourth quarter of 2016 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s report on our internal control over financial reporting and the attestation report of KPMG LLP follow after Item 9B.
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.
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REPORT OF MANAGEMENT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
To the Stockholders of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.:
We, together with other members of management of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over the company’s financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is the process designed under our supervision, and effected by the company’s Board of Directors, management, and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the company’s financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility that misstatements may not be prevented or detected. Accordingly, even effective internal controls over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation. Furthermore, the effectiveness of internal controls can change with circumstances.
Management has evaluated the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, in relation to criteria described in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on management’s assessment, we believe that the company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016.
KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our financial statements that are included in this annual report and expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. KPMG has also expressed an unqualified opinion on the effective operation of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016.
February 7, 2017
/s/ William J. Stromberg
President and Chief Executive Officer
/s/ Kenneth V. Moreland
Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.:
We have audited T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. ’s (“the Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, and our report dated February 7, 2017, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Baltimore, Maryland
February 7, 2017
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PART III
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. |
Information required by this item as to the identification of our executive officers is furnished in a separate item at the end of Part I of this Report. Other information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement required to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A for the 2017 Annual Meeting of our stockholders.
Item 11. | Executive Compensation. |
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. |
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. |
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services. |
Information required by these items is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement required to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A for the 2017 Annual Meeting of our stockholders.
PART IV
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules. |
The following documents are filed as part of this report. | |||
(1) | Financial Statements: See Item 8 of Part II of this report. | ||
(2) | Financial Statement Schedules: None. | ||
(3) | The following exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are filed herewith, except for Exhibit 32 that is furnished herewith. Management contracts and compensatory plans and arrangements are filed as Exhibits 10.07 through 10.19.2. | ||
3(i) | Charter of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., as Amended by Articles of Amendment dated April 10, 2008. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q Report for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2008 filed on April 24, 2008; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
3(ii) | Amended and Restated By-Laws of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. as of December 10, 2015. (Incorporated by reference from Form 8-K Current Report filed on December 10, 2015; File No. 000-32191.) | ||
10.01.1 | Representative Investment Management Agreement for the T. Rowe Price mutual funds that pay a management fee consisting of two components - a group management fee and individual management fee. (Incorporated by reference from Form 485BPOS filed on August 12, 2015; File No. 002-65539.) | ||
10.01.2 | Representative Investment Management Agreement for the T. Rowe Price mutual funds that pay an individual management fee. (Incorporated by reference from Form 485BPOS filed on August 14, 2014; File No. 033-29697.) | ||
10.01.3 | Representative Investment Management Agreement for the T. Rowe Price mutual funds that pay an all-inclusive fee (i.e., a single fee that covers investment management and ordinary recurring operating expenses). (Incorporated by reference from Form 485BPOS filed on April 23, 2014; File No. 333-84634.) | ||
10.02 | Representative Underwriting Agreement between a T. Rowe Price mutual fund and T. Rowe Price Investment Services, Inc. (Incorporated by reference from Form N-1A/A filed on August 29, 2006; File No. 333-136805.) | ||
10.03 | Transfer Agency and Service Agreement as of January 1, 2016, between T. Rowe Price Services, Inc. and the T. Rowe Price Funds. (Incorporated by reference from Form 485BPOS filed on April 27, 2016; File No. 033-16567.) | ||
10.04 | Agreement as of January 1, 2016, between T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services, Inc. and certain of the T. Rowe Price Funds. (Incorporated by reference from Form 485BPOS filed on April 27, 2016; File No. 033-16567.) | ||
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10.05 | Agreement as of January 1, 2014, between T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. and the T. Rowe Price Funds for Fund Accounting Services. (Incorporated by reference from Form 485BPOS filed on April 27, 2016; File No. 033-16567.) | ||
10.08 | Statements of additional terms and conditions for awards granted under the Amended and Restated 2007 Non-Employee Director Equity Plans after February 12, 2009. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2009 filed on April 22, 2009; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.08.1 | Amended and Restated 2007 Non-Employee Director Equity Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-K Annual Report for fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 filed on February 5, 2016; File No. 000-32191.) | ||
10.10 | T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. Outside Directors Deferred Compensation Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-K for 2004 filed on March 1, 2005; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.13.1 | 2001 Stock Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form DEFR 14A filed on February 26, 2001; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.13.2 | First Amendment to 2001 Stock Incentive Plan dated April 8, 2004. (Incorporated by reference from Form DEF 14A filed on February 27, 2004; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.13.3 | Second Amendment to 2001 Stock Incentive Plan dated December 12, 2008. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2009 filed on April 22, 2009; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.14.1 | 2004 Stock Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-K for 2007 filed on February 7, 2008; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.14.2 | HM Revenue and Customs Approved Sub-Plan for UK Employees under the 2004 Stock Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2010 filed on July 23, 2010; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.14.3 | First Amendment to 2004 Stock Incentive Plan dated December 12, 2008. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2009 filed on April 22, 2009; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.15 | Forms of agreements available for stock-based awards issued under the 2001 and 2004 Stock Incentive Plans. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2010 filed on July 23, 2010; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.15.1 | Forms of agreement for stock options issued under the HM Revenue and Customs Approved Sub-Plan for UK Employees under the 2004 Stock Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2010 filed on July 23, 2010; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.15.2 | Forms of agreement for stock options issued after February 2, 2012 under the 2004 Stock Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2012 filed on July 25, 2012; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.15.3 | Forms of agreement for restricted stock units issued after February 2, 2012 under the 2004 Stock Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2012 filed on July 25, 2012; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.15.4 | Forms of agreement for restricted stock awards issued after February 2, 2012 under the 2004 Stock Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2012 filed on July 25, 2012; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.16 | Annual Incentive Compensation Pool. (Incorporated by reference from Form DEF 14A filed on March 3, 2003; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.17 | Policy for Recoupment of Incentive Compensation. (Incorporated by reference from Form 8-K Current Report as of April 14, 2010 filed on April 16, 2010; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.18.1 | 2012 Long-term Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-K for 2012 filed on February 4, 2013; File No. 000-32191.) | ||
10.18.2 | Forms of agreement for restricted stock awards issued under the 2012 Long-term Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q Report for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2012 filed on July 25, 2012; File No. 000-32191.) | ||
10.18.3 | Forms of agreement for restricted stock units issued under the 2012 Long-term Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q Report for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2012 filed on July 25, 2012; File No. 000-32191.) | ||
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10.18.4 | Forms of agreement of stock options issued under the 2012 Long-term Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q Report for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2012 filed on July 25, 2012; File No. 000-32191.) | ||
10.18.5 | HM Revenue and Customs Approved Sub-Plan for UK Employees under the 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2013 filed on April 24, 2013; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.18.6 | Forms of Agreement for Stock Options issued under the HM Revenue and Customs Approved Sub-Plan for UK Employees under the 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2013 filed on April 24, 2013; File No. 033-07012-99.) | ||
10.19 | Supplemental Savings Plan (Incorporated by reference from Form S-8 registration statement filed on October 23, 2014; File No. 333-199560.) | ||
10.19.1 | Supplemental Savings Plan - Schedule 1 - Sponsoring Employers (Incorporated by reference from Form S-8 registration statement filed on October 23, 2014; File No. 333-199560.) | ||
10.19.2 | Supplemental Savings Plan - Schedule 2 - UK Addendum (Incorporated by reference from Form S-8 registration statement filed on October 23, 2014; File No. 333-199560.) | ||
10.20 | Consulting agreement as of April 1, 2016, between T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and James A.C. Kennedy. (Incorporated by reference from Form 8-K Current Report filed on December 10, 2015; File No. 000-32191.) | ||
10.21 | Employment Agreement as of March 15, 2016, between T. Rowe Price International Limited and Christopher Alderson. (Incorporated by reference from Form 10Q filed on April 26, 2016; File No. 000-32191). | ||
10.22 | Agreement as of December 28, 2016, between T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and Kenneth V. Moreland. | ||
21 | Subsidiaries of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | ||
23 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, KPMG LLP. | ||
31(i).1 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer. | ||
31(i).2 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer. | ||
32 | Section 1350 Certifications. | ||
101 | The following series of unaudited XBRL-formatted documents are collectively included herewith as Exhibit 101. The financial information is extracted from T. Rowe Price Group’s consolidated financial statements and notes that are included in this Form 10-K Report. | ||
101.INS XBRL Instance Document (File name: trow-20161231.xml). | |||
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document (File name: trow-20161231.xsd). | |||
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document (File name: trow-20161231_cal.xml). | |||
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document (File name: trow-20161231_lab.xml). | |||
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document (File name: trow-20161231_pre.xml). | |||
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document (File name: trow-20161231_def.xml). | |||
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 7, 2017.
T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.
By: /s/ William J. Stromberg, President and Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on February 7, 2017.
/s/ Brian C. Rogers, Chairman of the Board of Directors
/s/ Edward C. Bernard, Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors
/s/ William J. Stromberg, President and Chief Executive Officer
/s/ Mark S. Bartlett, Director
/s/ Mary K. Bush, Director
/s/ H. Lawrence Culp, Jr., Director
/s/ Freeman A. Hrabowski III, Director
/s/ Robert F. MacLellan, Director
/s/ Olympia J. Snowe, Director
/s/ Dwight S. Taylor, Director
/s/ Anne Marie Whittemore, Director
/s/ Sandra S. Wijnberg, Director
/s/ Alan D. Wilson, Director
/s/ Kenneth V. Moreland, Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
/s/ Jessica M. Hiebler, Vice President and Principal Accounting Officer
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[Letterhead of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.]
January 30, 2017
VIA HAND DELIVERY
Kenneth Moreland
Dear Ken:
I want to thank you for your many years of service and will use this letter as the way to memorialize our discussion regarding your transition. Although you have announced that you will be retiring from T. Rowe Price, we want to retain your services to assist during the transition, while we engage in a search for a new Chief Financial Officer. I greatly appreciate your agreement to support the firm during this transition and am confident that you will remain committed to executing all of your existing responsibilities with the same care and professionalism the firm has received from you over the past several years. This letter reflects the terms of the agreement, effective December 28, 2016, under which you will continue to assist me and serve T. Rowe Price.
1. | Resignation |
(a.)Your resignation and the resulting end of your employment and service as an officer of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. will be effective the earlier of (1) ninety (90) days after a new Chief Financial Officer is hired and commences employment with T. Rowe Price, (2) December 31, 2017, or (3) a date prior to December 31, 2017 that is mutually agreed to by you and the Company. The date that your employment ends shall hereafter be referred to as the “Retirement Date”. As used in this Agreement, “T. Rowe Price” and the “Company” refer to T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates, collectively.
(b.)You will continue to receive your regular base salary for all days worked and your benefits will continue as an active employee through the Retirement Date.
(c.)Effective upon the Retirement Date, your service as a director or officer of any T. Rowe Price fund or entity also will end.
2. Transition Period
During the transition period leading up to your Retirement Date, we will expect the following:
(a.)You will continue to perform your duties as Chief Financial Officer for as long as the Company asks you to, and you will perform those duties and any other duties that may be assigned to you to the best or your ability.
(b.)You will cooperate and assist with the transition of functions and responsibilities as may be requested by me. Among other things, you will assist in the search for a new Chief Financial Officer as requested, and you will be expected to cooperate and assist with the transition after a new Chief Financial Officer is identified.
(c.)You will comply with the T. Rowe Price Code of Ethics, all T. Rowe Price policies and procedures and with all applicable regulatory and other legal requirements.
3. Separation Payment
Provided that in the good faith judgment of the Company, you satisfy all of the expectations set forth above in Section 2 continuously through the date your employment ends, you will receive a lump-sum separation payment (the “Separation Payment”) in the total gross amount equal to (a) Three Hundred Fifty Thousand Dollars ($350,000.00), plus (b) Eighty-Three Thousand Three Hundred Thirty-Three Dollars ($83,333.00) times the number of full or partial months you remain employed by T. Rowe Price in 2017. This Separation Payment will be treated as supplemental wages for tax purposes, and T. Rowe Price therefore will withhold applicable taxes, including Federal Insurance Contributions Act (“FICA”) taxes and federal, state and local income taxes. The Separation Payment shall not constitute
“Eligible Compensation” under the T. Rowe Price U.S. Retirement Program. You therefore will not be able to make pre-tax contributions from the Separation Payment, and such payment will not serve as the basis for any T. Rowe Price contributions under the U.S. Retirement Program. You will receive the Separation Payment prior to March 15, 2018 -- within thirty (30) days after your Retirement Date.
4. Confidential Business Information
Throughout your employment with T. Rowe Price, you have been privy to T. Rowe Price’s confidential and proprietary business information, including client, account, and fund information, business plans, strategic plans, marketing strategies, financial, tax and performance information, and other information about the present and proposed business of T. Rowe Price. Accordingly, you acknowledge and affirm your continuing obligation to keep confidential any and all confidential, trade secret, business, financial, tax or proprietary information that you acquired during your employment with T. Rowe Price. You shall not disclose any such information to any person or entity outside of T. Rowe Price at any time in the future, and you shall not use any such information for the benefit of anyone other than T. Rowe Price. You also will continue to be bound by any other preexisting agreement or other legal obligation relating to the Company’s proprietary information and your obligation to maintain the confidentiality of the Company’s information.
5. Post-Employment Cooperation
In the event the Company is or becomes a party to, or is otherwise involved in, any actual or threatened legal proceeding regarding any matter which arose or occurred during the term of your employment with the Company, you specifically agree to make yourself available to, and cooperate with, the Company and its counsel in such proceedings. You further agree that in the event that you are required by subpoena to provide testimony in any proceeding against or involving the Company, you will provide written notice of such subpoena to: David Oestreicher, T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc., 100 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202.
6. No Solicitation of Employees
As further consideration for the opportunity to receive the Separation Payment and other consideration under this Agreement, you agree that for a period of twelve (12) months following the end of your employment with T. Rowe Price, you shall not, either on your own behalf or on behalf of any third party, directly or indirectly:
(i) recruit, solicit, encourage or attempt to cause (or in any way assist another in recruiting, soliciting, encouraging or attempting to cause) any employee or consultant of the Company to terminate his or her employment or other relationship with the Company; or
(ii) hire, employ or seek to employ, or cause, recommend or assist any Competing Business to employ or seek to employ any person who is then (or was at any time within the preceding six (6) months) employed by the Company.
“Competing Business,” for purposes of this Agreement, shall mean a business that that is engaged in the sale, marketing and/or offering of products and/or services that are similar to or competitive with products or services that are offered by T. Rowe Price to individual and institutional clients. “Competing Business” includes, but is not limited to, investment advisory and management services for domestic and international clients.
7. Miscellaneous
(a.) This letter sets forth the entire Agreement between you and T. Rowe Price with respect to the matters addressed, including the end of your employment, and it supersedes and replaces any prior agreements relating to such matters. You will not receive a bonus for 2017, and you will not be entitled to any bonus, compensation, remuneration, benefits or other payments, except as specifically provided in this Agreement. This Agreement may not be modified
except by a new written agreement signed by both you and an authorized representative of T. Rowe Price. Your signature below will confirm that you have not relied on any representation or statement not set forth in this Agreement.
(b.) The validity and construction of this Agreement or of any of its terms or provisions shall be determined under the laws of the State of Maryland, regardless of any principles of conflicts of laws or choice of laws of any jurisdiction. You agree that the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of any lawsuit arising out of or relating to this Agreement shall be the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, the Circuit Court of Maryland for Baltimore County or another Maryland state court, and you and T. Rowe Price hereby agree, acknowledge and submit to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of such courts for the purposes of any such lawsuit.
(c.) The Company does not guarantee any particular tax effect of the provisions of this Agreement. You acknowledge that you are not relying upon advice or representation of the Company with respect to the tax treatment of any payments or benefits during and after your employment.
(d.) The various section headings are inserted for convenience of reference only and shall not affect the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement or any section thereof.
I thank you for your years of service to T. Rowe Price, and I look forward to continuing to work with you during the transition.
Very truly yours,
/s/ William J. Stromberg
William J. Stromberg
AGREED AND ACCEPTED:
/s/ Kenneth V. Moreland
Kenneth Moreland
Date: January 30, 2017
SUBSIDIARIES OF T. ROWE PRICE GROUP, INC. EXHIBIT 21
DECEMBER 31, 2016
Subsidiary companies (1) | Place of incorporation |
T. Rowe Price Advisory Services, Inc. | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Insurance Agency, Inc. | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. | Maryland |
TRP Suburban, Inc. | Maryland |
TRP Suburban Second, Inc. | Maryland |
TRP Colorado Springs, LLC | Maryland |
TRP Office Florida, LLC | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Trust Company | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Investment Services, Inc. | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Services, Inc. | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services, Inc. | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price (Canada), Inc. | Maryland |
TRPH Corporation | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price International Funds, Inc.(2) | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Institutional Income Funds, Inc.(2) | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Institutional International Funds, Inc.(2) | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Quantitative Management Funds, Inc.(2) | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Index Trust, Inc.(2) | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Credit Opportunities Fund, Inc(2) | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Total Return Fund, Inc.(2) | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund, Inc.(2) | Maryland |
T. Rowe Price Funds SICAV(2) | Luxembourg |
T. Rowe Price International Ltd | United Kingdom |
T. Rowe Price Hong Kong Limited | Hong Kong |
T. Rowe Price Singapore Private Ltd. | Singapore |
T. Rowe Price (Switzerland) GmbH | Switzerland |
T. Rowe Price (Luxembourg) Management Sarl | Luxembourg |
(1)Other subsidiaries have been omitted because, when considered in the aggregate, they do not constitute a significant subsidiary.
(2)We implemented Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-02 - Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis on January 1, 2016. In connection with the adoption of this guidance, we reevaluated all of our investments for consolidation, including our investments in sponsored investment portfolios. The adoption of the guidance led to the consolidation of additional portfolios that were previously accounted for as available-for-sale securities. The impacts of implementing this new guidance are discussed in more detail in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies section of our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 of this filing.
EXHIBIT 23
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors
T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.:
We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statements (No. 33-7012, No. 333-90967, No. 333-59714, No. 333-120882, No. 333-120883, No. 333-142092, No. 333-167317, No. 333-180904, No. 333-199560, and No. 333-212705)on Form S-8 of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. of our reports dated February 7, 2017, with respect to the consolidated balance sheets of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. as of December 31, 2016, which reports appear in the December 31, 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Baltimore, Maryland
February 7, 2017
EXHIBIT 31(i).1 Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer
I, William J. Stromberg, certify that:
1. | I have reviewed this Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; |
2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
February 7, 2017
/s/ William J. Stromberg
President and Chief Executive Officer
EXHIBIT 31(i).2 Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer
I, Kenneth V. Moreland, certify that:
1. | I have reviewed this Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; |
2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
February 7, 2017
/s/ Kenneth V. Moreland
Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
EXHIBIT 32 Section 1350 Certifications
We certify, to the best of our knowledge, based upon a review of the Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., that:
(1) The Form 10-K Annual Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and
(2) The information contained in the Form 10-K Annual Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.
February 7, 2017
/s/ William J. Stromberg
President and Chief Executive Officer
/s/ Kenneth V. Moreland
Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
A signed original of this written statement has been provided to T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and will be retained by T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.